牛津译林版高中英语必修五unit 3《science and nature》语法

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过去分词一、构成和用法1.过去分词是动词非谓语形式的一种（v-ed），在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语。(1)作状语：1)Interestedinthestories(＝astheywereinterestedinherstories),theygaveTracyWong$15,000inadvance.因为对她的小说感兴趣，他们预付了TracyWong一万五千美元。2)Theboysatatthetableburiedinhislessons(＝and(he)wasburiedinhislessons).那位男孩坐在桌前，埋头做功课。(2)作定语：1)Thefirstmammalclonedfromanadultcell（＝thatwas/hadbeenclonedfromanadultcell）wasDollythesheep.第一个用成年细胞克隆的哺乳动物是克隆羊多莉。2)Thenamementionedintheletter（＝whichwasmentionedintheletter）wasunknowntome.信里提到的名字我不熟。(3)作表语：Weweresurprisedtofindthatthewindowwasbroken.窗子破了。(4）作宾语补足语：Hefoundithardtomakehimselfunderstood.他发现很难使自己被理解。问题：由上例（斜体部分）你能看出过去分词有什么特点？结论：a）过去分词（常常）表示“被动”含义。b）作状语和定语时，多数是由相应的从句转化而来。2.下面的例子中过去分词不表示被动：1)Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.地上铺满了落叶。2)AtpresentChinaisstilllessdevelopedthanmostwesterncountries.目前中国还没有多数西方国家发达。3)Eatingboiledeggswilldoyougood.吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处。问题：斜体部分的动词有什么共同点？结论：fall（掉，落下），develop（发展），boil（煮）等动词在上例中是不及物动词，不及物动词是不能表示被动的，它们的过去分词形式只表示“完成”、“过去”。3.过去分词的否定（not，never等）要放在过去分词前面。如：1)Notgivenenoughtime,Ihadtogiveuphalfway.由于没有给我足够的时间，我只得中途放弃。4、修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面。如：1)Greatlyencouragedbythestory,wearedeterminedtodoourbestforthecountry.在这个故事的鼓舞下，我们决心全心全意为祖国服务。5、过去分词还可以与其它词组成合成形容词。(1)副词＋过去分词：well-educated（受过良好教育的），ill-treated（受到恶劣对待的），overused（被滥用的），homemade（家制的）(2)名词＋过去分词：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的）(3)另外还有，形容词（或名词）＋名词＋ed的形式：kind-hearted（心地善良的），absent-minded（心不在焉的），warm-blooded（温血的） 二、形容词化的过去分词与现在分词有些动词的过去分词和现在分词已经变成了形容词，这类动词的往往与人的心理感受有关，如：amaze（使吃惊）—amazed—amazing;excite（使兴奋）—excited—exciting,please（使满意）—pleased—pleasing,thrill（使紧张）—thrilled—thrilling等。这类过去分词表示：①“感到……的（havingthefeelingof）”，表示人的感受，例如：1)Thepublicwasshockedathisintentiontocloneahuman.公众对他克隆人的意图感到震惊。2)Thedisappointedparentsgaveawrysmile.（感到）失望的父母苦笑了笑。②流露出……的（showingthefeelingof），用来形容人的“表情、眼神”等，常修饰象look,expression,eye等名词，如：1)Theaudienceworeaboredlookontheirfaces.听众脸上挂着厌烦的表情。现在分词则表示“令人（感到）……的（givingthefeelingof），主要修饰表示事物的名词，但也不尽然。如：2)Theresultisdisappointing.结果令人失望。3)Theyrejoicedattheexcitingnews.他们对这令人兴奋的消息欣喜若狂。试比较：thedisappointedboy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩感到失望）thedisappointingboy令人失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩令人失望）因此，在特定的语境中要多加推敲。三、图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）在多数情况下，现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”的含义；过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”的含义；如果是“被动”但又是“进行”，那么就用“现在分词的被动式”，“现在分词的被动式”一般用作定语。如果是“主动”但又是“完成”，那么就用“现在分词的完成式”，“现在分词的完成式”用作状语。如下图：现在分词的被动式thebridgebeingbuilt正在（被）兴建的桥主动＋进行＝现在分词theworkersbuildingthebridge正在建桥的工人被动＋完成＝过去分词thebridgebuilt已（被）建成的桥现在分词的完成式Havingbuiltthebridge,theworkerswereallowedsomedays’leave.建完了桥后，……语法练习：1.Whatdidthelibrarian_____outofthelibrary? A.permittotakeB.forbidtobetakenC.allowtotakeD.insistbeingtaken2.----Mum,whydoyougivemesomuchpopcorn?----_____theboringtime.A.KillB.KillingC.TokillD.Havingkilled3.WhatYangLiweiwantedtodowhenhegotoutofthespaceshipwas_____thejoywithalltheChinese.A.shareB.sharedC.havingsharedD.abouttoshare4.Whenshewasaloneathome,Maryneededafriend______.A.playingwithB.havingplayedwithC.withwhomtoplaywithD.withwhomtoplay5._____thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree_____outoflife.A.Seeing;frightenedB.Seeing;frighteningC.Seen;frightenedD.Tosee;frightening6.Couldyougivemeahand______fromacar,please?A.tocarrytheshoppingB.forcarryingtheshoppingC.andcarryingshoppingD.carryingtheshopping7.Everyminutemustbemadefulluseof______ourlessons,forthecollegeentranceexaminationiscoming.A.goingoverB.togooverC.gooverD.ourgoingover8.Whodidtheteacherhave______anarticleforthewallnewspaperjustnow?A.writtenB.writingC.writeD.towrite9.______aboyoften,hestartedworkingtosupporthimself.A.BeingB.WhenstillC.BecauseofD.While10.Itisworthmuch______isworthdoing.A.doingitB.whattodoC.dowhatD.todowhat11.Thereisalwaysthechance______theweak____thestrong.A.of,defeatingB.about,defeatingC.of,winningD.of,todefeat12.Sheislookingforwardasmuchtohisreturnashehimselfto____her.A.haveseenB.seeingC.seeD.beseen13.Therearetenwaitingroomsatthenewly-builtstation,_____inall20,000people.A.seatingB.seatedC.sittingD.toseating14.“If,”headded,“_____enoughtime,Iwouldcertainlyhavedoneitbetter.”A.togiveB.IwasgivenC.givenD.tobegiven15.----Can’tyoutakeafewdaysofffromworktogowithmetoNewYork?----Sure._____mywayandIwillbegladto.A.PayB.IfyoupayC.TopayD.Paying16.______theanswer,Tom,whoaskedthequestion,stillstoodwithhishand______.A.Giving;raisedB.Given;raisedC.Given;risenD.Giving;rising17.----Shallwegoswimming?----Ok,I’lljustgoandget_______. A.tochangeB.myselfchangedC.changedD.tobechanged18.----Wouldyoudomeafavor?----Iregret______Iambusyrightnow.A.tosayB.sayingC.havingsaidD.tohavesaid19.Ihavenoone_____me,forIamanewcomerhere.A.helpB.helpingC.tohelpD.tohavehelped20.Thebuilding____inourschoolisforusteachers.Thoughthere’snoisemostoftheday,westillfeelhappyaboutit.A.builtB.havingbeenbuiltC.tobebuiltD.beingbuilt21.There’s____whattheweatherwillbeliketomorrow.A.noknowingB.notknownC.notknowingD.noknown22.----You___partinthepartyontime.----Sorry,Iwasdelayedbytheaccident.A.aretotakeB.weresupposedtotakeB.weretohavetakenD.supposedtotake?23._____withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.A.WhencomparedB.TocompareC.WhilecomparingD.Itcompared24._____inherbestsuit,thegirltriedtomakeherself____attheparty.A.Dressed;noticedB.Dressing;noticingC.Dressed;noticingD.Dressing;noticing25.Thematter____yourstudysurelyrequires____carefully.A.relatingto;dealingwithB.relatedto;dealtwithC.relatedto;beingdealtwithD.relatingto;havingdealtwith26.Everything___intoconsideration,theybelievedthemselvesmoreandreturnedtotheirpositions.A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking27.----Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?----It’seasiersaidthan_____.A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryout28.ManybusinessmenattendedtheBoaoForum(博鳌论坛)becausetheyknewwhat____fromtheforum.A.togetB.tobegotC.gotD.getting29.Therewasafamouspersonatthepartywhomeveryonewouldlike____tothemselves.A.tointroduceB.tobeintroducedC.introducingD.beingintroduced30.----WereyouathomelastSunday?----Yeah!Idevotedthewholedayto_____theEnglishgrammar.A.reviewB.reviewingC.bereviewedD.beingreviewed31.Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying32.____,Johnreturnedtoschoolfromhishometown. A.ThesummervocationbeingoverB.ThesummervocationisoverC.BecausethesummervocationoverD.Afterthesummervocationbeingover33.____shecan’tcome,whowilldothework?A.SupposedB.SupposingC.HavingsupposedD.Beingsupposed34.----Isthereanythingyouwantfromtown?----No,thankyou.ButIwouldliketoget______.A.thoselettersmailedB.mailedlettersC.tomailthoselettersD.thoselettersmail35.Aftertheguestsleft,shespentasmuchtimeasshecould____therooms.A.tidyupB.toclearawayC.clearawayD.tidyingup36._____itornot,thisdictionaryhasshockedeveryoneinscientificcircles.A.BelieveB.TobelieveC.BelievingD.Believed37.Totellyouthetruth,I’dratherreadthanwatchTV;theprogramsseem_____allthetime.A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegotworseD.gettingworse38.AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidoneducation,withgirlsaswellasboys_____togotoschool.A.tobeencouragedB.encouragingC.encouragedD.beencouraged39.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichoffice____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsent40.TheforeigntouristshavevisitedmanyscenicspotsinShanghai,_____asinterpreter.A.theguideactsB.theguideactingC.actingD.acted41.Lindaisthoughtto________inAfrica,butIreallydon’tknowwhatcountrysheworkedin.A.haveworkedB.workC.beworkingD.beworked42._____timeandlabor,cartoonistsgenerallydrawthehandsoftheircharacterswithonly3fingersandathumb.A.TosaveB.SavedC.SavingD.Havingsaved43.____moneyifyoucanandmanypoorchildreninthepoormountainousareaswillbeabletogobacktoschool.A.HavinggivenB.GivenC.TogiveD.Give44.WhatevertroubleMr.Whitehad____withthecase,hewouldsticktohisownopinion.A.dealB.todealC.dealtD.dealing45._____thedistancewastoolongandthetimewastooshort,wedecidednottodrivetoFlorida. A.DiscoveringB.TodiscoverC.TohavediscoveredD.Discovered46.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatthereappeareda____lookonherfaceonhearingtheunexpectednews.A.worryingB.worriedC.worryD.worries47.IfyougototheWestLakeinHangzhou,youwillfinditmoreattractivethancommonly_______.A.supposingB.tosupposeC.supposedD.beingsupposed48.----Haven’tyouseenthesign,____“NOPHOTOS”?----I’mreallysorryIdidn’t.A.readsB.toreadC.readD.reading49.____niceanddelicious,thefriedchickenwassoonsoldout.A.TastedB.BeingtastedC.TastingD.Totaste50.----Theplanisheard_______sowellthatwedon’thavetomakeanychanges.----Itisindeed.A.todesignB.designingC.designedD.design51.Thewomanfounditnogood____herdaughtertoomuchmoney.A.givingB.beinggivenC.givenD.gave52.Herdresshasbecomeloose.Sheappears____weight.A.toloseB.beinglostC.losingD.tohavelost53.Ifindtheseproblemsareeasy____.A.tobeworkedoutB.toworkthemoutC.toworkoutD.tobeworkedthemout54.Thepurposeofnewdrugsusedonpatientsistomakethemlesspainful,____themmoreterrible.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake55.----Iwouldliketobuyanexpensivecamera.----Well.Wehaveseveralmodels____.A.tochoosefromB.ofchoiceC.tobechosenD.forchoosing56.Tigers_____meat-eatinganimals_____meat.A.belongedto;fedonB.belongingto;feedonC.werebelongedto;feedonD.belongingto;feedingon57.----Isit_____thebadsmellthatisdifficult?----Ofcourse.A.howgettingridofB.gotridofC.togetridofD.beinggotridof58.Never______offyourcoat;it’srathercoldoutside.A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.taken 59.Youhavenobusiness______tomethewayyoudidyesterday.A.abouttalkingB.talkingC.talkedD.ontalking60.Wemusttreasureeveryminutebecause______timeis______forever.A.lost;losingB.lost;lostC.losing;losingD.losing;lost参考答案：1—5BCADA6—10ABCBD11—15ABACA16—20BCACD21—25ACAAA26—30BAABB31—35BABAD36—40ABCAB41—45CADDA46—50BCDCC51—55ADCBA56—60BCABB