语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版

语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版

ID:29180627

大小:1.57 MB

页数:12页

时间:2018-12-17

上传者:U-39039
语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版_第1页
语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版_第2页
语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版_第3页
语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版_第4页
语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版_第5页
资源描述:

《语法复习—介词知识精讲 人教实验版》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库

语法复习—介词知识精讲一.本周教学内容:语法复习—介词(一)介词的分类与语法功能(1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、throughout等;短语介词,如accordingto、outof、becauseof、bymeansof、inspiteof、insteadof等。双重介词,如frombehind/above/under、untilafter等。分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from/by)等。常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如:①Itisgoingtorainthisafternoonaccordingtotheweatherforecast.②Hequarrelledwithheryesterday.③Hesucceededinpassingthefinalexam.④I’mstillthinkingofhowIcanfulfillthetaskaheadoftime.⑤TheprofessorwillgiveusatalkonhowtostudyEnglishwell.(2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如:①Thismachineisingoodcondition.(表语)②Whereisthekeytomybike?(定语)③Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.(状语)④Shealwaysthinksherselfaboveothers.(宾补)(二)介词搭配(1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词和多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of连用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用)④介词+the+部位与动词的关系(=动词+sb.’s+部位,可换用)strikehimonthehead(“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on连用)catchhimbythearm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by连用)hittheboyintheface(“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in连用)⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(“阻止,禁止”意义与from连用)⑥persuade(advise,warn)sb.intodoingsth.(“说服,建议”意义与into连用)⑦buysb.forsth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)⑧tellsth.tosb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)⑨givesth.tosb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)注意:⑦⑧⑨可换成buy/tell/givesb.sth.双宾结构。⑩saytosb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to,不可说suggestsb.sth.)。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。replytotheletter回信,sing(dance)tothemusic和……唱(跳),amountto 达到,加起来有……,devoteto把……贡献给,drinkto为……干杯,objectto反对,lookforwardto渴望,cometo苏醒,belongto属于,searchfor搜……,ask…for…寻找,use…for用作,leavefor前往,take…for误以为,callof倡导,waitfor等待,carefor喜欢,makeupfor弥补损失,turnto求助(救)于,helponeselfto随意,agreeto同意,compare…to把……比作,sendfor派人去请(拿)……,sailfor驶向,航向,setoutfor动身去,goinfor爱好……。(2)常见“形容词+介词”搭配。worthyof值得的,gladaboutsth.forsb.为某人某事高兴,farfrom离……远,gratefulforsth.tosb.为某事感激某人,freefrom没有……(免除……),proudof(takepridein)自豪,satisfiedwith(by)满意,sureof/about确信,fondof喜欢,fitfor适合,busywithsth.(indoingsth.)忙着干某事,fullof充满,readyfor准备,similarto相似,wrongwith不对;有毛病……(3)“名词+介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。 (三)核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如:inthe1990s,intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时间名词组成固定短语或词组。如:inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。但要注意:①atnight/atnoon,intheday(在白天),inthenight(在夜间)。②infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in的意思是“在……以后”。③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:inthenight,duringthenight,inthewar,duringthewar。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)attheageof15,atthetimeofwar,但intimeofdanger/trouble。注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。如:nextday、lastSunday、thatmorning、theseyearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如somedayoneday、yesterdayafternoon(4)in、after、later①in+一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。②一段时间+later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。③after+一段时间表示:“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after+点时间,用于各种时态。 Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981,andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.另外,in+一段时间+‘s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下:inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within=inlessthan…用于各种时态,不超出,在……之内)(5)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。①at在较小的场所,in在较大的场所,on在……的平面上。如atthedoor、attheairport、atthestation、at55ParkStreet、inChina、inthenorth、inAsia、onthedesk、onthewall等。②on、to、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on;无边缘衔接用to。如:JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范围之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范围之外)HunanprovinceliesonthewestofHubeiprovince.(毗邻)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔一定距离)③地点介词的引申、比喻意义:inthesun在阳光下,inthedark(ness)在黑暗中,inthedark不知道,infreezingweather在严寒天气中,inthemud在泥中,intheearth在地下,inthedesert在沙漠中,inaheavyrain在大雨中,inthesnow/wind在雪/风中,inpublic当众,introuble在困境中,getintotrouble陷入困境,outoftrouble摆脱困难,beyondhope绝望。④across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如:Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.⑤over/under/above/below。over、above译作“在……之上”;under、below译作“在……的下面”,其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如:Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平线)Thewindowiswellabovethetree.⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性 acrossthefields跨过田野……,overthedesert跨越沙漠acrosstheriver横跨这条河……,overthehill翻过这座山beinthehouse(静态,在这里……)stayoutofthecar(静态,在……外)gointothehouse(动态,进入)flyoutofthecountry(动态,离开)(6)表示方式、手段、工具的介词①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如Herentahousebytheyear(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail邮寄,bytelephone(radio),但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV(电讯器材),byelectricity用电,bymachinery用电器,byhardwork,learnsth.byheart,throughthesatellite,throughpractice,throughhisownefforts,throughexperience,throughthetelescope③交通工具类另外:bymeansof用……方法,bywayof经由,取道于,用……方法,withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permis-sion)。④表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithawhip.(with+工具机器)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with+人体器官,但byhand“手工,用手”)Hestoodupwithpride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如inEnglish(ink,pencil)。另外如:inhigh(good,low)spirits,inanger,injoy,incomfort,insorrow,insafety,indanger,inneed,indebt,inlove,infun,inpain,intears,insurprise,ingood(poor)health,ingoodorder,inflower,inaway,inalowvoice,insilence,in(with)satisfaction,inahurry,in(with)words,live/feedonfood,kneelonone’sknee,take(catch)sb.bysurprise(出其不意)(7)表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。①besides除……以外,(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。WeallwenttothecinemabesidesShaw.除了肖外,我们都去了电影院。Itwastoolatetoseeafilm,andbesides,Iwastired.②except除去,除……之外(不再有)。 WeallwentexceptJohn.我们都去了,约翰没有。在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与exceptthat+句子意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat…除了……一点以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:①前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.②后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do,后省to)③but与一些固定结构连用。havenochoicebuttodosth.只得做某事,cannotbutdosth.不得不,cannothelpbutdosth.不得不……,butfor…要不是……(8)between与among.between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如:AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance,Germany,AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同,合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking,washing,sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.among表示三者以上之间。如:Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(一起,共同)我们必须达成共识。Londonisamongthelargestcities.(=oneof与最高级连用)(9)表原因的介词for、becauseof、duetoHedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(10)不定式复合结构中的for、of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for或of加上人或事,作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。①Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.②Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意:两句中的of和for的使用,表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。(11)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名词有:key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。 ②要求接in的名词有:interest、satisfaction、expert等。Heisexpertinteachingsmallchildren.【典型例题】1.Thehomeimprovementshavetakenwhatlittlethereis_________mysparetime.(NMET2001)A.fromB.inC.ofD.at解析:答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的用法。what引导的从句作谓语havetaken的宾语,而从句中的基本句型为“thereislittleof…”,表示“……有很少”,what修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法,要明白ofmysparetime和inmysparetime的区别。2.____________productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through解析:答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with+名词+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。3.Aftersheconsideredtheproblem,shegotatallboxtostand________.A.onB.upC.aboveD.by解析:答案为A。不定式“tostand+介词”作定语修饰atallbox,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词,只有加上吊尾介词,句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少,吊尾介词使用的场合有:(1)定语从句中,先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰,不及物动词后要接介词,先行词被“动词+介词”组成的短语动词所修饰,介词常在句尾。HeisthemanIjustspoketo.(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句,宾语从句出现吊尾介词。Ican’timaginewhatitislike.(3)强调句型,特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更,常出现吊尾介词。Itwasthepoorboythatwegavethebooksto.Whatfor?Whereto?Whowith?(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。aroomtolivein,abenchtositonThereisnothingtoworryabout.Sheisagoodgirltoworkwith.(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词+介词”型短语,动词的不定式形式表“反射”,常用吊尾介词。①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。②Theriverisgoodtoswimin.Theboxistooheavytocarry.③beworthdoingsth.,beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone,want/require/needdoing【模拟试题】1.What’swrong____yourwatch?2.One____thestudentsisintheclassroom.3.Ithinktheshopisclosed____thistimeofday.4.MyfatherteachesEnglish____aschool. 5.Wehavelunch____themiddleoftheday.6.Youcanbuysomeschoolthings____yourwayhome.7.Iwasborn____July1,1982.8.MayIborrowapencil____you?9.Don’tsleep____theopenair.10.Ioftenhelpmymother_____thehousework.11.It’stime____school.12.Ihavequitealot____homeworktodo.13.What’sthetime?It’shalf____seven.14.Ducksaregood____swimming.15.Whatareyoutalking____?16.Heissitting____thefrontofthecar.17.Theeraserwaspassed____onestudent____another.18.Didyoulive____Beijingin1997?19.Whendidyouarrive____thevillage?20.IthinkMaryis____dutytoday.21.Eatingtoomuchisn’tgood____yourhealth.22.I’mafraidheis____thecinema____themoment.23.Thanks____askingmetoyourparty.24.Mywatchisverydifferent____yours.25.What’stheweather____today?26.Thestudentisaskinghisteacher____thesportsmeeting.27.Thefarmersareallgettingready____thenextyear.28.Theradiosaysthewindwillstoplater____theday.29.Let’sgoout____awalk,shallwe?30.Tom,yourmotheriswaiting____you.31.Wehavenoodlesforlunch____times.32.Harerbinis____thenorthofChina.33.Theday____tomorrowwillbewindy.34.Don’tworry____yourtest.35.Idon’tknowwhichistheway____thepark.36.Anoldwomanis____thesideoftheroad.37.____theendoftheroadyou’llseethehospital.38.HeleftTokyo____avisit____Beijing.39.Don’tlaugh____otherpeople’smistakes.40.Hedidthisinstead____me.41.Thepeoplehereareveryfriendly____us.42.DoeshelearnEnglish____himself?43.Ifeltalittleafraid____myteacher.44.I’mafraidhe’llfall____thebike.45.Helpyourselves____somefish,LilyandLucy.46.____thesewordshelefttheclassroom.47.Itwasapleasure____me.48.I’msorryI’mlate____themeeting.49.Studyhard,oryouwon’tcatchup____yourclassmates.50.Notfar____himwasLinTao.LinTaoranfast,too. 51.MrWuisgoingtotellustheresult____once.52.Hegoestoschoolearly____usual.53.It’sanotherway____sayingfast.54.I’msorryhedoesn’tagree____me.55.Heprefersplayingfootball____playingbasketball.56.Whatdoyoumean____baozhi?57.Don’tplay____fire.It’sdangerous.58.Hedidn’tgo____beduntiltwelveo’clock.59.Myteacherwasangry____me.60.Someoneisknocking____thedoor.61.Haveyouheard____Jimyet?62.Ifyoubreakthewindow,you’llhavetopay____it.63.I’msorry.Iwon’ttalktoothersinclass____nowon.64.Whathaveyoudone____themilk?65.Thestudentswalked____thegateswithUncleWang.66.Areyou____trouble,Jim?67.Mymotherisill.Ihavetosend____thedoctor.68.Thedoctoroperated____mymotheratonce.69.Theglassisfull____milk.70.Isawhim____thecrowd.71.Thereareagroupofsheep____thefootofthehill.72.Wearetwins.Peopleoftenmistakeus____eachother.73.Theknifeismade____metalandwood.74.Shipscantravel____theworld.75.Hewatchedme____surprise.76.Choosemysubject.SomethingaboutEnglish,____example.77.Tiethehorse____thetree.78.Nothingcanstopus____studyinghard.79.____MrWang’shelp,Ihavepassedtheexam.80.Pleasecutthemetal____somepieces.81.Ifeel____goingforawalk.82.Wecanfinishthework____aweek.83.Areyouinterested____thefilmTitanic?84.Hundreds____yearsago,therewasavillagehere.85.What____earthcanyousee?86.Whendidyoujoinus____thegame?  [参考答案]http://www.DearEDU.com1.with.What’swrongwithsb./sth.?某人/某物怎么啦?2.of.oneof………之一。此句的主语是one,of短语作定语。3.at.atthistimeofday在一天当中的这个时候。4.at.ata(the)school在学校;atschool在校读书。5.in.inthemiddleof在……(时间、地点的)中间。6.on.onone’sway(home)在某人(回家)的路上,way后面常接“to+名词短语”,表示……在去……的路上,因为句中的home是副词,故其前不加to。7.on8.from.borrow…from从(某人或某处)借(入)某物。比较lendsth.tosb.把某物借(出)给某人。9.in.intheopenair“在野外/露天”,也可说成intheopen。10.with.helpsb.with.sth.帮助某人做某事。11.for.注意time的两种句型:It’stimefor…(名词)。It’stimetodosth.两个短语的意思都是:“该做某事了。”或“做某事的时间到了。”12.of.alotof“许多”。该短语既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。此短语也可说成lostof(多用于书面语)。13.past.past意为“过……(多少时间)”。14.at.begoodat擅长……。15.about.talkabout谈论,talkto和……交谈。16.in.inthefrontof…(物体内部)的前面。比较infrontof在……(物体外部)的前面。17.from;to.fromonetoanother从一个到另一个。18.in.在较大的地名前用介词in。19.at.到达小地方用介词at。20.on.onduty值班、值日。21.for,begood/badfor表示客观事物对某人如何,所以其它主语多为something或动名词。begood/kind/friendly/badto多指某人对某人如何,其主语多为somebody。22.at;at.atthecinema在电影院,atthemoment此刻、现在。23.for.Thanks(Thankyou)for(doing)sth.谢谢你(做某事)。24.from.differentfrom…与……不同。25.like.like意为“像……”。26.to.asksb.tosth.邀请某人参加某项活动。27.for.getreadyfor为……准备。28.in.intheday在白天,也可说成inthedaytime。29.for.gooutforawalk出去散步。30.for.waitfor等待。31.at.attimes有时,间或。32.in.inthenorthof在……(内部的)北部。33.after.thedayaftertomorrow后天。34.about.worryabout为……担心。35.to.36.at37.At。attheend在……的末端,末尾。38.for;to.foravisit中的for表目的;avisitto…表“参观” 39.at.laughat嘲笑。40.of.insteadof代替。41.to.42.byoneself由自己。43.of.feelafraidof感到害怕……,beafraidof害怕……。44.off.falloff从……上摔下来。45.to.helponeselftosth.随便吃/用/拿某物。46.With.Withthesewords说完这些话。47.for.表示“(客观上)对……来说”。48.for.belatefor(做某事)迟到了。49.with.catchupwith赶上。50.behind.表示LinTao在he的后面。此处用behind强调前后位置。far后面还可接介词from,表示“远离”。51.at.atonce立即。52.as.asusual像往常一样。53.of.wayofdoingsth.做某事的方法。way后面还可接to不定式做定语。54.with.agreewith同意某人的看法。55.to.prefer(doing)sth.to(doing)sth.喜欢……胜过喜欢56.by.Whatdoyoumeanby…?你(那么)说是什么意思?57.with.playwith玩弄……58.to59.with.beangrywith生某人的气。60.at.knockat(on)敲。61.from.hearfrom收到某人的来信。62.for.payfor付……的钱。此处作“赔偿”讲。63.from.fromnowon从今往后。64.with.dowith处理、对付。65.through66.in.introuble陷入困境。67.for.sendfor派人去请。68.on.operateon给……做手术。69.of70.among.amongthecrowd在人群中71.at.atthefootof在……脚下72.for.mistake…for…把……错当成……。73.of.bemadeof由……制成(看得见原材料)。比较bemadefrom由……制成(看不见原材料)。74.around.aroundtheworld全世界。75.in.insurprise惊奇地。76.for.forexample“例如”。可置于句首、句中或句尾,只举出一个例子。77.to.tie…to…把……绑在……上。78.from.stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做某事。79.With.withone’shelp在……的帮助下。80.into.cut…intopieces把……切成碎片。81.like.feellike(doing)sth.想要(做)某物(事)。82.in.in前面用can之类的情态动词,in表示“在……(多长时间)之内” ;in与一般将来时连用,表示“在……(多长时间)之后。”83.in84.of.hundredsof数以百计的。85.on.此处意为“到底、究竟”,用在疑问词后。onearth还可指“在世界上、在人世间”。86.in.joinsb.insth.参加某人的活动。

当前文档最多预览五页,下载文档查看全文

此文档下载收益归作者所有

当前文档最多预览五页,下载文档查看全文
温馨提示:
1. 部分包含数学公式或PPT动画的文件,查看预览时可能会显示错乱或异常,文件下载后无此问题,请放心下载。
2. 本文档由用户上传,版权归属用户,天天文库负责整理代发布。如果您对本文档版权有争议请及时联系客服。
3. 下载前请仔细阅读文档内容,确认文档内容符合您的需求后进行下载,若出现内容与标题不符可向本站投诉处理。
4. 下载文档时可能由于网络波动等原因无法下载或下载错误,付费完成后未能成功下载的用户请联系客服处理。
关闭