园林专业英语UNIT 9

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（UNIT9）ReadingMaterialBINSTITUTIONALANDCORPORATELANDSCAPES[1]CherylBarton社会机构及公司园区景观社会公共机构的环境受益于风景园林师的专业技术已有一个多世纪，纯净的空气、水和阳光及其他自然事物对于医院、精神病院和疗养院的规划来说是很重要的因素。而公司景观却是一种比较新的现象，二战后，由于工业的快速增长和郊区的出现，公司园区逐渐发展起来，例如Sasaki的迪尔公司，EDAW的卡尔森中心，EDSA的百事公司，都是为舒缓工作强度而设计的大量开放空间和娱乐资源，以此来确保员工更加忠诚和高产，为公司的不动产增值；而且，这些特色还反映了公司形象、身份、权利、声望和产品的卓越特性。同时，市区里的公司景观也兴盛起来，如奥斯芒德森的凯撒屋顶花园，丹.凯利的达拉斯喷泉广场，SWA的威廉姆斯广场，哈格里夫斯的雪弗龙公司景观等。Initsconcernwithprovidingmeaningfulopenspace,landscapearchitecturehasalwaysrelatedfundamentallytohumanwelfare.Institutionalenvironmentshavebenefitedfromtheexpertiseoflandscapearchitectsformorethanacentury,butthecorporatelandscapeisamorerecentphenomenon.Inthe18thandearly19thcenturies,institutionsexistedprimarilytotakecareofproblemsthatthefamilywasunabletohandle----careofthementallyretarded,orphanedchildren,thesickandthehandicapped.Manyoftheseplaceswerelittlemorethanwarehouses.AsimilarfatemetworkersduringtheIndustrialRevolution[2]whofledtheirfarmstograspopportunitiesinthecities.There,too,theywereconfinedinwarehouse-typeenvironmentsforlong,exhaustinghours为了提供.Reflectingpost-CivilWarreformmovements,Americanlandscapearchitectsdemonstratedinnovativeandpracticalresponsestothesocialproblemsofalcoholism,mentalillnessanddiseaseinthedesignofnewinstitutionalsettings.Pureairandwater,sunlightandothernaturalamenitieswereimportantfactorsinplanninghospitals,asylumsandsanatoriums.Spacious,well-designedgroundsreflectedadvancesinmedicine.Theseprojectscouldinvolvemanydisciplinesandwereoftencoordinatedbylandscapearchitectswhoseknowledgeofenvironmentalfactorsprovidedtherequisiteoverview.FrederickLawOlmsted,oncesecretaryoftheU.S.SanitaryCommission[3](latertheAmericanRedCross),plannedseveralsignificantinstitutions,includingColumbiaInstitutionfortheDeaf[4](1866)(Fig.1)inWashington,D.C.TheplanfortheIowaHospitalfortheInsane[5](1871,H.W.S.Cleveland),Mt.Pleasant,involvedpatientsinthetherapeuticplantingofnativetreesandshrubsontheasylumgrounds.Scientificevidencehasindicatedthatdirectcontactwithnatureproducespositiveeffectsonhealing.Today,siteandbuildingdesignforcontemporaryinstitutionsplaceapremiumonexteriorviewsforpatientsaswellaseasyaccessibilitytocourtyardsandgardens. Figure1.ColumbiaInstitutionforthetheDeaf(1866)inWashington,D.C..ThecorporatelandscapeevolvedafterWorldWarⅡbecauseofrapidgrowthinindustryandtheadventofsuburbia.Here,thesymbolismofwealthandpowerwasexpressedinattractive,parklikelocations.Peoplenowspendconsiderabletimeincorporatesettings,whichinmanyplaceshavereplacedMainStreetasacommunity’ssocialcrossroads.Affinitieswithearlycountryvillasandmanorhouseshavealsobeensuggested,asthesebuildingsandtheirelaborategroundsoncehousedalargepopulationoffamilyandservants,curiouslyanalogousto20thcenturymanagerial,clericalandmaintenancestaff.Today’scorporateheadquarterslandscapes,suchasthoseforDeereandCompany[6](Fig.2)(1963,SasakiAssociates[7]),Moline,Ill.animportantprecedent;CarlsonCenter[8](Fig.3)(1988,EDAWDesignGroup),Minnetonka,Minn.;andPacificBell[9](1987,MPADesign),SanRamon,Calif.,containextensiveopenspaceandrecreationalresourcesfortheirworkforces,includingtennisandvolleyballcourts,joggingpaths,sculpturegardens,lakesandotherfacilitiestoensuremoreloyalandproductiveworkersandtoaddvaluetothecorporaterealestateportfolio.Furthermore,suchfeaturesconveyimage,status,power,prestigeandproductexcellence---criticalingredientsinacompetitivecorporateculture.Figure2.DeereandCompany(1963,SasakiAssociates)Figure3.CarlsonCenter[8](1988,EDAWDesignGroup)Formanysuburbs,thecorporationhasbecomeacommunitycenter.Initscommitmenttoemployeesandthepublic,PepsiCo[11](Fig.4)(1965,EdwardD.Stone,Jr.Associates)----anintegrationoflandscapearchitecture,architectureandsculptureinPurchase,N.Y.—exemplifiedanewcreativityinthecorporatelandscapeofitstime.Itssculpturecollectionisdisplayedingardenterraces,becominganoutdoorartmuseumforthepublicandashowpiecelandscapeforthecorporatelandlord.Manycorporationshavepurchasedformerestatesandpreservedtheirhistoriclandscapes.AtCorporateWoods[12](1976,TheSWAGroup[13]),OverlandPark,Kans.,andtheTRWWorldHeadquarters[14](1985,SasakiAssociates),Lyndhurst,Ohio,landscapearchitectshaveeffectivelycontrastedcontemporaryarchitecturewithwoodedandpastoralsettings.Codex’sworldheadquarters[15](1986,Hanna/Olin),Canton,Mass,incorporatesanelegantinterioratriumattheheartofitscomplexofbuildingstorecalltheoutdoorsyear-round. Figure4.PepsiCo(1965,EdwardD.Stone,Jr.Associates)Urbancorporatelandscapes,whichweretheearliestexamples,alsohavethrived.OneinnovationwastheKaiserroofgarden[16](Fig.5)(1960,OsmundsonandStanley),Oakland,Calif.,athree-acreurbanopenspace23storiesabovethestreet.While90percentofthesiteiscoveredbythebuilding,60percentactuallybecomessemipublicopenspace.Dallas’sFountainPlace[17](Fig.6)(1985,DanKiley),withasimilaropenspaceratio,isashimmering,monumentalwatergardeninsharpcontrasttothearidTexaslandscape.Figure5.Kaiserroofgarden(1960,OsmundsonandStanley)Figure6.Dallas’sFountainPlace(1985,DanKiley)Increasingly,siteplanshavebeendevelopedtoexpressparticularcorporateandinstitutionalvalues.TheChristianScienceChurch’sworldheadquarters[18](1973,SasakiAssociates)inBostonisapowerful,ceremonialspace,personifyingthechurch’ssocialstatureandwealth.Landscapearchitectsandtheirclientshaveapproachedcorporatesitedesignasanartform,creatingdramatictensionbetweengeometricandbiomorphicforms.RichmaterialsandsculptureaboundinWilliamsSquare[19](1984,TheSWAGroup),LasColinas,Tex.,whereregionallandformsareborrowedandreinterpretedonthesite.InEnglewood,Colo.,themissionofChevronGeothermal[20](1985,HargreavesAssociate)isdepictedmetaphoricallybyitslandscapeofexfoliatinglayersofsedimentaryrock[20]andsimulatedsteam.Thedesiredeffectisamorememorableandenduringimage. Figure7.ChristianScienceChurch’sworldheadquarters(1973,SasakiAssociates)Figure8.WilliamsSquare(1984,TheSWAGroup)Thesignificanceoftheinstitutionalandcorporatelandscapetypestodayisthattheyhavedemonstratedthatbothqualityopenspaceandmemorableimageryarevitaltothehumanexperience.【NOTES】[1]institutionalandcorporatelandscapes社会机构及公司园区景观：institutional指事业机构的或社会公共机构的、慈善机构的；corporate指公司的、企业的。[2]IndustrialRevolution工业革命或产业革命。[3]U.S.SanitaryCommission美国卫生局：后来的美国红十字会（AmericanRedCross）。[4]ColumbiaInstitutionfortheDeaf哥伦比亚聋人学院。[5]IowaHospitalfortheInsane爱荷华州精神病院。[6]DeereandCompany迪尔公司：也称作约翰迪尔公司，美国历史悠久的以农业设备为主的跨国公司，建筑由沙里宁（Saarinen）设计，环境景观由Sasaki公司设计。[7]SasakiAssociates佐佐木英夫事务所：佐佐木英夫（Sasaki）日裔美国人，美国SWA集团创始人之一，Sasaki事务所创始人，在各类城市公共领域的景观规划与设计方面有众多实践，是美国近现代城市空间的塑造者之一。[8]CarlsonCenter卡尔森中心：位于明尼唐卡的国际会议中心，由易道公司（EDAWDesignGroup）设计[10]PacificBell太平洋贝尔公司：美国最老牌的电话公司。[11]PepsiCo百事可乐公司园区：由EDSA公司（EdwardD.Stone,Jr.Associates）设计。[12]CorporateWoods科珀里特伍兹办公区。[13]TheSWAGroup：SWA设计公司，其前身是Sasaki，WalkerandAssociates，由佐佐木英夫与彼得.沃克创建，是美国近现代景观的重要缔造者。[14]TRWWorldHeadquarters汤普森.拉莫.伍尔德里奇公司世界总部：TRW是美国以宇航业和飞机制造业为主的公司。[15]Codex’sworldheadquarters科戴克斯公司世界总部。[16]Kaiserroofgarden凯撒屋顶花园：奥斯芒德森和斯坦利设计。[17]Dallas’sFountainPlace达拉斯喷泉广场。 [18]ChristianScienceChurch’sworldheadquarters基督教科学会的世界总部。[19]WilliamsSquare威廉姆斯广场。[20]ChevronGeothermal雪弗龙地热公司：全球地热能最大生产商，由哈格里夫斯事务所设计。[21]exfoliatinglayersofsedimentaryrock沉积岩的剥落片岩。【GLOSSARY】institutionalenvironment社会公共机构环境corporatelandscape公司景观【NEWWORDS】welfaren.福利，健康manorn.庄园，领地，庄园大厦mentallyadv.心理上，精神上，智力上analogousadj.类似的，相似的retardedadj.智力上迟钝的managerialadj.管理(上)的，经营(上)的orphanedadj.成为了孤儿的clericaladj.职员的，办公室工作的handicappedadj.残疾的，弱智的headquartern.总部，设总部warehousen.仓库，货栈portfolion.投资组合，总资产fleevi.避开，逃避ingredientn.(构成)要素，因素graspvt.抓住，抓紧showpiecen.样板，典范confinevt.限制，局限于landlordn.房东，地主，店主exhaustingvt.用尽，耗尽，使筋疲力尽thrivevi.兴盛，兴旺，繁荣alcoholismn.酒精中毒semipublicadj.半公共的，半开放的asylumn.精神病院，避难所，庇护所shimmeringadj.闪闪发光sanatoriumn.疗养院，疗养所monumentaladj.纪念碑的，雄伟的，巨大的disciplinen.学科aridadj.干旱的，贫瘠的，无生气的requisiteadj.需要的，必要的，必不可少的personifyvt.象征，体现，拟人化overviewn.概述，概况，总的看法geometricadj.几何图案的，几的sanitaryadj.卫生的，公共卫生的，保健的biomorphicadj.生物形态的insaneadj.(患)精神病的，精神失常的reinterpretvt.使再生，使化身therapeuticadj.疗法的，对身心健康有益的depictvt.描绘，刻画，描述，叙述premiumn.重视，非常珍贵metaphoricallyadv.隐喻地，比喻地accessibilityn.易接近,可到达的exfoliatevt.片状剥落suburbian.郊区及其居民，郊区居民sedimentaryadj.沉积的，冲积成的affinityn.近似，相像，喜爱，亲近memorableadj.值得纪念的；难忘的【难句】1.Affinitieswithearlycountryvillasandmanorhouseshavealsobeensuggested,asthesebuildingsandtheirelaborategroundsoncehousedalargepopulationoffamilyandservants,curiouslyanalogousto20thcenturymanagerial,clericalandmaintenancestaff.公司园区被认为与早期的乡村别墅和庄园住宅非常接近，因为这些建筑和精致的室外场地曾住过的大量家人与佣人，与20世纪的公司管理、杂务与维护人员有着奇怪的相似。