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ClassicalChineseGarden制作：张家伟 苏州园林TheClassicalGardensofSuzhou ClassicalChinesegardendesign,whichseekstorecreatenaturallandscapesinminiature,isnowherebetterillustratedthanintheninegardensinthehistoriccityofSuzhou.Theyaregenerallyacknowledgedtobemasterpiecesofthegenre.Datingfromthe11th-19thcentury,thegardensreflecttheprofoundmetaphysicalimportantofnaturebeautyinChinesecultureintheirmeticulousdesign.——WHC,UNESCO PreciousculturalheritagesoftheworldThehistoryofSuzhouclassicalgardensdatesbacktothegardenofKingofWuinthe6thcentury,whereastheearliestrecordofprivategardenswasfoundtobePijiang(TerritoryDeveloping)GardeninEastJinDynasty.FamousgardengrewinnumberwiththetimeandbyMingandQingDynastytheywereeverywhereinSuzhouanddozensofthemhavesurvivedintacttothepresent. Thetopofthesegardens,suchasHumbleAdministrator’sGarden（拙政园）,lingeringGarden（留园）,Master-of-NetsGarden（网师园）,andMountainVillawithEmbracingBeauty（环秀山庄）,areworksintheprimeoftheprivatelandscapearchitecture,characterizedasthemodelintheirprofoundmood,delicatecomposition,elegantartandculturalconnotation. Theyarevaluesasworldheritagesmainlyforthefollowingdistinctions:ConceptsketchingphilosophyoflandscapeartThearchitectureofSuzhoulandscapeconstructionsharesahistoricalrootingwithChineseliteratureandfinearts,especiallytheconcept-sketchingpaintingsbyinfluencesofTangandSongDynasties,whichwerematerializedinreallifeasexcellentmodelgardens. IdealresidentialandlivingenvironmentSuzhougardenaretheintegrationoffamilyresidenceandlandscapeforbothdailylivingandenjoyment,ahumancreationofarelinedandperfectedhabitatforintimacyandharmonywithnatureinadenselypopulatedurbansettingoflittlenaturalbeauty.苏州古典园林宅院合一，可赏、可游、可居，这种建筑形态的形成，是在人口密集和缺乏自然风光的城市中，人类依恋自然，追求与自然和谐相处，美化和完善自身居住环境的一种创造。 Itslayout,composition,shape,style,coloraswellasdecoration,furniture,andappliance,aretypicalofthefolkmansionsofsouthernChinainMingandQingDynasty,notonlymirroringtheadvancedhousingculturebutalsoaffectingthearchitecturalstylealloversouthernChina.苏州古典园林建筑的布局，结构、造型、风格、色彩以及装修、家具、陈设等各个方面内容，是明清时期江南民间建筑的杰出代表，反应了高度的居住文明，并影响到整个江南城市的建筑格调。 AmpleconnotationofsocialcultureSuzhougardenarethecarrieroftraditionalChinesephilosophy.Thenamingofthegardens,thehallhoards(匾额)andpillarcouplets(楹联),thecalligraphystoneslabs(书条石),carvings(雕刻),anddecorations,arenotonlylineornamentsbutalsoawealthofhistory,culture,philosophy,andscience.苏州古典园林是中国传统思想文化的载体，园林厅堂的命名、匾额、楹联、书条石、雕刻、装饰灯，不仅是点缀园林的精美艺术品，同时储存了大量的历史、文化、思想和科学信息。 SomeareoftheideologiesofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,someadvocateprinciplesforhumanlifeandpersonalitycultivation,andsomeaddelegancetothegardenlandscapeswithreferencefromtheclassicstobringthescenesuptosentimentalappreciation.其中有的反映了传统儒、释、道等各家哲学观念、思想流派；有的宣扬人生哲理，陶冶高尚情操；还有的借助古典诗词文学，对园景进行点缀、渲染，使人于栖息游赏中，化景物为情思，产生意境美。 ModelofgardenconstructionSuzhougardenshowtheChineseadvancementandcolorinlandscapeconstruction.Builtinalimitedareawithtechniquesofcontrast,settingoff,borrowedviews,thepartrevealingthewholeandthelessexcellingthemore,theyputtogetherthehouses,towers,andpavilionstoaminiatureoflandscapetocreateanideallivingspaceof“urbanmountain”and“anamicableenvironmentthatbringmanintoharmonywithnature”. Naturalbeautyofthegarden“Thewiseenjoysmountainandthebenevolentpreferswater”,thereforetheessenceofSuzhougardensisanallusionandconnotationofnaturallandscapethataimsintheharmoniousco-existenceofmanandeverycreationofthenature.Mostofthesegardenswereactuallyprivate,whichperfectlyunitethehumanhabitatwithnaturalenvironment,thehousewithgarden,andthehumanbeingswithnature. FantasyofrocksSuzhouseatsonplainofmanywaterbutfewhighlandsordeepvalleys,andthere-creationhastoappealtoartificialmountainswithearthandstonesorpiledupwithrocks.Theloveforstonesandliterarycompositionsonstonesdevelopedintoatradition.Ingardensstonesareusedasanexpressionofhumanmentalworldandpersonifiedwithanadmirablenobility. Peaksofrocksareacommonsceneofthegardens,andthestonesaremainlybouldersofTaihuLakeoryellowstones,whichshouldlook“slender,draining,pierced,wrinkled”andcharacteristicofbeing“clean,stubborn,weirdandclumsy”.苏州园林中石峰被大量的运用，多为太湖石和黄石。石峰的外形需具有“瘦、漏、透、皱”和“清、顽、丑、拙”的特点。 CrownCloudPeak冠云峰 AuspiciousCloudPeak瑞云峰 ElegantCloudPeak岫云峰 MountainVillawithEmbracingBeauty环秀山庄 CharmofwatersWaterisakeyelementofSuzhougardens,likemountains,waterhasanaestheticvalueandpersonalitytotheeducated.Sayinglike“waterismyfriendforitisnotashamedtobeplain”and“bothwaterandmymindprefereaseandfreedom”aretypicalexpressionsoftheancientpeople’sdesireforseclusion. ThewaterinSuzhougardensgivelifeandvigortothemountainsandrocks,whichinreturngivethewaterstheirshapes.SinceSuzhougardensaregenerallysmall,theplacementofwatersisexceptionallythoughtful.Thewaterpondsareusuallyirregularinshape,dottedwithlittleislesinthewaterconnectedwithbridges,sothattheviewwouldbevariedandenriched.Theinletandoutletofthewateraredeliberatelyhiddeninafewbaystotheeffectthatthewatercomesandgoestosomewherewaitingforexploration.Withwaterinfrontandmountainatback,asenseofinfinitecharmoflandscapeisbeautifullyproduced. RetreatandReflectionGarden退思园 GrotesqueplantsTheplantsenliventhegardenwithvigorandinterest,enrichthespacealteration,andrevealthepersonalityoftheownerinhispreferenceofthevarieties.Flowersarenotonlyforenjoymentbutalsoendowedwithakindofvirtue,orevenpersonified.ThemostfamiliarflowersinSuzhougardensincludelotus,peach,laurel,andliana,aswellasthemuchadmiredplum,orchid,bamboo,chrysanthemumandpine,whichareoftenthecriticalfinishingtouchofthegarden. ArchitecturalbeautySuzhougardenaretheintegrationoflandscapeandresidence,wherethebuildingsareusuallythekeypointsofthescenery.Yet,toemphasizethenaturalbeauty,buildingsareoftenmergedwithrocks,waters,andplantsasaharmoniouswholewitharichculture.Unlikethegardenandsolemnbuildingsintheimperialgardens,theyarefreeinlayout,lightinmodeling,delicateindecoration,plainincolor. HallsandchambersBigorlittle,Suzhougardensallcenteronthehallsasthemainsitesfordailyactivitiesorviewenjoymentatleisure.Mosthallshaveaspaciousverandaoverthewaterortotheminiaturemountainsonfront.Besidessuchmainhalls,minoronesinsecondaryarealsocarefullydesignedforverycharmingviews. TowersSuzhougardensfeatureinawideuseoftowersforviewenjoymentandthemselvesasthecriticalscenesofthegarden.PavilionsPavilionsinSuzhougardensareusuallysetatahillfoot,bywaterorapath,orinawood.Theyseldomhavewindowsordoors,butintegratedwiththesurroundingassitesofsceniccharm. CorridorsTheyplayanimportantroleinSuzhougardensasthelinkingveins.ThebookLandscapeDesignsays,“Itisbetterforcorridorstobewindingandlong,windingwiththelandcontourandsituation,uparoundthehill,alongthewatercourse,toflowersorcrossaditch,furtheronandonasifendless”.Thusthecorridorsaredistinguishedintovariousforms,suchasoverhangcorridors,windingcorridors,lowercorridors,climbingcorridors,watercorridors,andcompoundcorridors. Corridor DecorationsThedecorationsinSuzhougardenareexquisiteanddelicatetocompleteaperfectvisionwiththebuilding.Thestylesandtechniquesoftentelltheideologicaltraditionoftheownerandthefavoritepatternsaremostlysymbolsofluck,fulfillment,festival,orwealth,withamazingdesignsandhighartisticvalue. OrnamentalPerforatedWindows（花窗，漏窗）Thesewindowsareusedtodecoratethecorridorandframedviews FramedViews框景Asitsnameimplies,theviewwasframedbysomething,sothattheviewjustlookslikeapaintingorapicture. HumanistbeautyThehumanistbeautyofSuzhougardensismainlyfoundinitssymbolistuseofobjectsastheexpressionofthelifetastes.Everycalligraphystele,painting,appliance,orornamentisfullofthebeautyofartandtheeleganceofnobility.
