英汉翻译技巧 (2).ppt

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第四章英译汉常用的方法和技巧（上）第一节词义的选择、引申和褒贬 一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义Iwillbehappytoanswerquestionsattheend.Thequestionis,doItakethejobinJapan,orstayhere?He’sbyfarthebest,there’snoquestionaboutit.Iwasquestionedbythepoliceforsixhours. Thesocialorderofantsisveryinteresting.Everythinginthehouseisingoodorder.TheyaresaidtohaveorderedmoregrainfromCanada.Thebossorderedthattheworkshouldbedoneontime.Haveyouorderedyet,madam? （二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义Jim’salwaystakinginstrayanimals.Thispricetakesinthecostofalltheaccommodationandfood.ItoldGrandpaweweregoingaway,butIdon’tthinkhetookitin.Don’tbetakeninbyproductsclaimingtohelpyouloseweightinaweek.Theywilltakeinthesightsofthecitytomorrow.Theschooltakesinatnineandletsoutatfour. 二、词义的引申从词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。（一）将词义作抽象化的引申Asfarasheadgoes,sheisanexcellentstudent.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinhisnature.Weinsistthatinternationaltradeshouldnotbeaone-waystreet.（二）将词义作具体化的引申Thereweremanyprettyskirtsintheclass.Couldyougivemeahand? 三、词义的褒贬语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。（一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来。Hewasamanofhighrenown.Hisnotorietyasarakedidnotcomeuntilhisdeath. （二）英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达。MaoZedongshowedhisgreatambitionsevenwhenhewasyoung.Thepolicemanwasbraveenoughtoarrestthemurderersingle-handed.Weareproudofourmotherland.Hitler’sambitiontooverranthewholeEuropeandthewholeworldwasseenclearly.Iftheprisonerwerebraveenoughtoescape,justshoothimdead.Heissoproudthathealwayslookdownuponallhisclassmates. 生词推测前后文间的并列、递进、转折、类比、因果等逻辑关系有助于确定生词的含义。Unlikehergregarioussister,Janeisanunsociablepersonwhodoesnotliketogotopartiesortomakenewfriends.Theideaisnotonlysilly.Itispreposterous.BecauseofMary’santagonisticnature,shefindsitdifficulttomakefriends. ExercisesLikeknowslike.Heisthelastmantocome.Heisthelastmantodoit.Healwayssitsontheveryedgeofhischairwhenheisworking,asthoughabouttotakeoff.ThecarinfrontofmestalledandImissedthegreen.Asademandingboss,heexpectedtotalloyaltyanddedicationfromhisemployees. 7.afamilytree8.He’sunhappynow,becausehehadabluewithhisfriendjustnow.9.Hermotherisasisterinafamoushospital.10.Shetoldmethather18-year-oldsonwasthebaby.11.TheSchooloftheAir12.Theywantedustohavetea,butwesaidwe’djusthadit.ThenMissZhangwantedustohaveteaandcake. 13.That’satallstoryaboutthetown’shighstreet.14.MissUniverse(or:MissWorld)15.Sheisagoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.16.Atranslatorhastoknoweverythingofsomethingandsomethingofeverything.17.Hehadliedtomeandmademethetoolofhiswickeddeeds.18.HisheroicdeedswerecelebratedineverycornerofChina. TospeakofAmericanliterature,then,isnottoassertthatitiscompletelyunlikethatofEurope.Broadlyspeaking,AmericaandEuropehavekeptstep.Atanygivenmomentthetravelercouldfindexampleinbothofthesamearchitecture,thesamestyleindress,thesamebooksontheshelves.IdeashavecrossedtheAtlanticasfreelyasmenandmerchandise,thoughsometimesmoreslowly.WhenIrefertoAmericanhabit,thoughts,etc.,Iintendsomesortofqualificationtoprecedetheword,forfrequentlythedifferencebetweenAmericaandEurope(especiallyEngland)willbeoneofdegree,sometimesonlyofasmalldegree.Theamountofdivergenceisasubtleaffair,liabletoperplextheEnglishmanwhenhelooksatAmerica.Heislookingatacountrywhichinimportantsensesgrewoutofhisown,whichinseveralwaysstillresembleshisown—andwhichisyetaforeigncountry.Thereareoddoverlappingandabruptunfamiliarities;kinshipyieldstoasuddenalienation,aswhenwehailapersonacrossthestreet,onlytodiscoverfromhisblankresponsethatwehavemistakenastrangerforafriend. Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety’spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defence,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat,drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmassagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother.