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Unit8TheCardiovascularSystem NewWordsandPhrasesalveolusn.(alveolipl.alveolaradj.)atiny,thin-walled,capillary-richsacinthelungswheretheexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxidetakesplace,alsocalledairsac.肺泡;肺中薄壁的、富有毛细血管的小液囊,在这里氧气和二氧化碳进行交换2.gaseous=gassy:气体的,气态的liquid液态的/solid固体的e.g.agaseouscondition气体状态agaseousmixture气体混合物 3.pericardium:themembranoussacfilledwithserousfluidthatenclosestheheartandtherootsoftheaortaandotherlargebloodvessels心包;心包膜;囊状膜层,其间充满了包围着绕心脏、大血管的根部和其它大血管的浆状液体4.myocardium:themusculartissueoftheheart.心肌层 5.aorta:n.themaintrunkofthesystemicarteries,carryingbloodfromtheleftsideofthehearttothearteriesofalllimbsandorgansexceptthelungs主动脉;系统血管的主干道,将血液由心脏左侧输送到除肺部以外的所有肢体及器官aorticadj.主动脉的6.cornea:角膜(cornealadj.角膜的)iris虹膜/retina视网膜/sclera巩膜 7.venacava=cavalvein:n.eitheroftwolargeveinsthatdrainbloodfromtheupperbodyandfromthelowerbodyandemptyintotherightatriumoftheheart腔静脉;把血从身体的上部和下部抽出然后流入心脏的右心房的两支大静脉之一venan.(Latin)静脉superiorvenacava上腔静脉inferiorvenacava下腔静脉 8.Radialartery(P119)BrachialarteryCommoncarotidarteryFacialarteryTemporalarteryFemoralarteryPoplitealarteryPosteriortibialarteryDorsalispedisartery dorsalispedisarterydorsaladj.背的,脊的,器官或组织的上表面pedis(昆虫,幼虫的)足poplitealarteryAnarterythatisthecontinuationofthefemoralarteryinthepopliteal(腿弯部的)space,bifurcating(分叉)intotheanteriorandposteriortibialarteries,withbranchestothelateralandmedial(内侧的)superiorgenicular(膝的),middlegenicular,lateralandmedialinferiorgenicular,andsural(小腿腹的)arteries. PoplitealArtery/VeinAsthefemoralarteryreachesthespacebehindtheknee(knownasthe“poplitealfossa(窝)”,itbecomesthepoplitealartery.Branchesofthisarterysupplybloodtothekneejointandtomusclesinthethighandcalf(小腿).Manyofitsbranchesalsojointheconnectingnervenetworkofthekneetohelptoprovidealternativeroutesinthecaseofarteryobstruction.Thecorrespond-ingpoplitealveinparallelsthearteryasitcarriesbloodbacktotheheart. 9.capillarybed:thenetworkofcapillariesinaparticularareaororganofthebody毛细管床;身体某一特定区域或器官中毛细管的网络10.atrium:心房(atrial---adj.心房的)ventricle室,脑室,心室(ventricular---adj.心室的)sinus窦,窦房结;瘘(sinoatrial---adj.窦房的) 11.deflection----n.1)Aturningasideordeviation.2)Thedeviationofanindicatorinameasuringinstrument,suchasanelectrocardiograph,fromzeroorfromitsnormalposition.12.semilunarvalve----n.Oneofthreesemilunarsegmentsservingasthecusps(尖端)ofavalvepreventingregurgitation,(逆流)asintheaorticvalveandthepulmonaryvalve. 13.septum:athinpartitionormembranethatdividestwocavitiesorsoftmassesoftissueinanorganism隔膜;生物体中分开空腔或组织软体的薄的隔开物或膜e.g.thenasalseptum鼻中隔膜theatrialseptumoftheheart=theinteratrialseptum心房中隔septaladj.中隔的;隔膜的 14.ligament:asheetorbandoftough,fibroustissueconnectingbonesorcartilagesatajointorsupportinganorgan.韧带;一种带状或片状的坚韧的含纤维组织,主要作用是关节处连接骨骼或软骨,或支持、固定某一器官15.stenosis：aconstrictionornarrowingofaductorpassage;astricture（医学上）狭窄;一个管子或通道的收缩或狭窄e.g.mitralstenosis二尖瓣狭窄 16.pacemaker:1)thepersonwhosetthepace2)apartofthebody,suchasthemassofmusclefibersofthesinoatrialnode,thatsetsthepaceorrhythmofphysiologicalactivity起搏点;身体的一部分,如窦房结的肌肉组织纤维团,用来确定生理活动的速度或节奏3)=cardiacpacemaker心脏起搏器 17.bundleofHis----abundleofmodifiedheartmusclethattransmitsthecardiacimpulsefromtheatrioventricularnodetotheventriclescausingthemtocontractSynonyms:atrioventricularbundle,atrioventriculartrunk, ThebundleofHisisacollectionofheartmusclecellsspecializedforelectricalconductionthattransmitstheelectricalimpulsesfromtheAVnode(locatedbetweentheatriaandtheventricles)tothepointoftheapex(顶点)ofthefascicular(成束的)branches.ThefascicularbranchesthenleadtothePurkinjefiberswhichinnervate(刺激)theventricles,causingthecardiacmuscleoftheventriclestocontractatapacedinterval(间隔).ThesespecializedmusclefibersintheheartwerenamedaftertheSwisscardiologistWilhelmHis,Jr.,whodiscoveredthemin1893. 18.sinoatrialnode----n.(Abbr.SAN)Asmallmassofspecializedcardiacmusclefiberslocatedintheposteriorwalloftherightatriumoftheheartthatactsasapacemakerofthecardiacconductionsystembygeneratingatregularintervalstheelectricimpulsesoftheheartbeat.Alsocalledsinoauricularnode,sinusnode.---aspecializedbitofhearttissuethatcontrolstheheartbeat Synonyms:pacemaker,cardiacpacemaker,SAnode 19.pulmonary----adj.ofthelungs肺的20.sequential----adj.happeningoneafteranother连续的,有顺序的21.velocity----adj.rateorspeedofaction速率22.papillary---adj.乳头状的,乳突状的papillarymuscle----乳头肌Anyofthegroupofmyocardialbundlesthatterminateinthetendinous(腱的)cordsthatattachtothecuspsoftheatrioventricularvalves Inanatomy,thepapillarymusclesoftheheartservetolimitthemovementsofthemitralandtricuspidvalvesandpreventthemfrombeinginverted.Itisimportanttonotetheydonotcloseoropenthevalves,whichclosepassivelyinresponsetopressuregradients.Insteadtheybrace(支撑,拉紧)thevalvesagainstthehighpressure.TheUwaveinanECG(electrocardiograph)representspapillarymuscledepolarization.Itusuallydoesnotappearunlessapatient'selectrolytesareimbalanced. 23.Purkinjefiber----Oneofthespecializedcardiacmusclefibers,partoftheimpulse-conductingnetworkoftheheart,thatrapidlytransmitimpulsesfromtheatrioventricularnodetotheventricles.浦肯雅纤维(特化的心肌纤维,组成心脏传导系统的终末部分)Purkinje----BohemianphysiologistrememberedforhisdiscoveryofPurkinjecellsandthePurkinjenetwork(1787----1869)捷克生理学家 Purkinjefibers(orPurkynetissue)arelocatedintheinnerventricularwallsoftheheart,justbeneaththeendocardium.Thesefibersarespecializedmyocardialfibersthatconductanelectricalstimulusorimpulsethatenablesthehearttocontractinacoordinatedfashion.Purkinjefibersworkwiththesinoatrialnode(SAnode)andtheatrioventricularnode(AVnode)tocontroltheheartrate. Duringtheventricularcontractionportionofthecardiaccycle,thePurkinjefiberscarrythecontractionimpulsefromtheleftandrightbundlebranchestothemyocardiumoftheventricles.Thiscausesthemuscletissueoftheventriclestocontractandforcebloodoutoftheheart—eithertothepulmonarycirculation(fromtherightventricle)ortothesystemiccirculation(fromtheleftventricle).Theywerediscoveredin1839byJanEvangelistaPurkinje,whogavethemhisname. Purkinjecell----Anyofnumerousneuronsofthecerebralcortexhavinglargeflask-shapedcellbodieswithmassivedendritesandoneslenderaxon.AlsocalledPurkinjecorpuscle.(存在于小脑皮质中层内的)浦肯雅细胞Purkinjenetwork----anetworkofPurkinjefibersthatcarrythecardiacimpulsefromtheatrioventricularnodetotheventriclesoftheheartandcausesthemtocontract UnderstandingtheTextⅠABriefIntroductionoftheCardiovascularSystem(para.1)Questions:1.Whatisthecompositionofthecardiovascularsystem?2. Whatarethefunctionsoftheheart/theblood/thebloodvessels?3.Introducethetwocirculatoryloops. 3.(1)thepulmonarycirculation(thelessercirculation)(2)thesystemiccirculation(thegreater/generalcirculation)(3)thedifferencebetweenthetwocirculatoryloops ⅡTheHeart(para.1----8)Questions:4.Whatarethewallsoftheheartcomposedof?5.Whydoesbloodnotmovebackintotheatrium?6.HowtopreventtheAVvalvesfrombeingpushedintotheatrium?7.Summarizethefunctionsofheartvalves. SummaryTwooftheheartvalvesarethemitralvalveandthetricuspidvalve.Theyletbloodflowfromtheatriatotheventricles.Theothertwoarecalledtheaorticvalveandpulmonaryvalve,andtheyareinchargeofcontrollingtheflowasthebloodleavestheheart.Thesevalvesallworktokeepthebloodflowingforward.Theyopenuptoletthebloodmoveahead,thentheyclosequicklytokeepthebloodfromflowingbackward. Bicuspid:Havingtwoflapsorcusps.Theheartvalvethatiscalledthebicuspidvalveislocatedbetweentheleftatriumandleftventricle.Althoughtheaorticvalveintheheartnormallyistricuspid(withthreecusps),itmaysometimesbebicuspid.8.Canyousaysomethingaboutbicuspid?Whatisbicuspidstenosis? Mitralstenosis(二尖瓣狭窄)isaheartvalvedisorderthatnarrowsorobstructsthemitralvalveopening.Narrowingofthemitralvalvepreventsthevalvefromopeningproperlyandobstructsthebloodflowfromtheleftatriumtotheleftventricle.Thiscanreducetheamountofbloodthatflowsforwardtothebody.Themainriskfactorformitralstenosisisahistoryofrheumaticfever(风湿病)butitmayalsobetriggeredbypregnancyorotherstressonthebodysuchasarespiratoryinfection,endocarditis(心内膜炎),andothercardiacdisorders. Thetricuspidvalveislocatedbetweentherightatrium(topchamber)andrightventricle(bottomchamber).Itsroleistomakesurebloodflowsinaforwarddirectionfromtherightatriumtotheventricle.9.Canyousaysomethingabouttricuspidvalve?Whatistricuspidregurgitation(三尖瓣逆流)? Tricuspidregurgitation(tricuspidincompetence,tricuspidinsufficiency)isleakageofbloodbackwardthroughthetricuspidvalveeachtimetherightventriclecontracts.Astherightventriclecontractstopumpbloodforwardtothelungs,somebloodleaksbackwardintotherightatrium,increasingthevolumeofbloodthere.Asaresult,therightatriumenlarges,andpressureintheveinsthatentertherightatriumisincreased,creatingresistancetobloodflowfromthebodytotheheart. SymptomsTricuspidregurgitationmaynotproduceanysymptomsif thepatientdoesnothavepulmonaryhypertension. Ifpulmonaryhypertensionandmoderate-to-severetricuspidregurgitationexisttogether,thefollowingsymptomsmayresult: ActivepulsingintheneckveinsSwellingoftheabdomenSwellingofthefeetandanklesFatigue,tirednessWeaknessDecreasedurineoutputGeneralswelling TreatmentTreatmentmaynotbeneedediftherearefewornosymptoms.Hospitalizationmayberequiredfordiagnosisandtreatmentofseveresymptoms.Underlyingdisordersshouldbeidentifiedandtreated.Somepeoplemaybeabletohavesurgerytorepair orreplacethetricuspidvalve. PreventionDiscussanyhistoryofheartvalvediseaseoranyfamilyhistoryofcongenital(先天性的)heartdiseasesbeforetreatmentbyahealthcareproviderordentist.Anydentalwork,includingcleaning,andanyinvasiveprocedurecanintroducebacteriaintothebloodstream.Thisbacteriacaninfectaweakenedvalvecausingendocarditis(心内膜炎).Obtainprompttreatmentforconditionsthatmaycausevalvedisease.Treatstrep(=streptococcus链球菌)infectionspromptlytopreventrheumaticfever(风湿病). Thebicuspidaorticvalveshowsa“doming”(成圆顶状)configuration(结构)inthelongaxisviewwhenitopensduringsystole.Intheshortaxisview,theopeningofthetwoleafletscreatesa“fish-mouth”(oval)appearance.Theshortaxisviewinsomecasesmayappearalmostnormalbecauseofafusedraphe(缝)inthemiddleofoneofthetwoleaflets. ⅢArteries（para.1----2)Questions：10.Whatarethethreegroupsofthearteries？11.Whatisthefunctionoftheelasticarteries?12.Whatisapulse?Whataretheninepressurepointsinthebody?13.Describemusculararteriesandthearterioles. IVcapillary(P119)Questions:14.Whatarecapillaries?Arethereanycharacteristics?15.Whatarethefunctionsofthecapillaries? ⅤVeins(P119----120)Questions:16.Sinceveinscarrythesamevolumeofbloodasthearteries,whyistherealways65%ofthebloodsupplyintheveins?17.Howtoreturnthebloodintheveinstotheheart?(venousvalves;skeletalmusclecontraction;gravity;respiratoryactivity) ⅥBloodFlowThroughtheHeartandMajorBloodVessels(para.1----2)Questions:18.Whatarethefunctionsofthesuperiorvenacava,theinferiorvenacava,thecoronarysinusandthefourpulmonaryveinsenteringtheleftatrium?19.Howdoesthebloodflowthroughtheheartandmajorbloodvessels? deoxygenatedblood)rightatrium(tricuspidvalve)→rightventricle→(pulmonarysemilunarvalve)thepulmonarytrunk→pulmonaryarteries→thelungs(oxygenatedblood)→pulmonaryveins→leftatrium(mitralvalveorthebicuspidvalve)→leftventricle→aorta→smallarteries→arteriole→venule→veins→thesuperiorvenacavaandtheinferiorvenacava→rightatriumcoronaryarteries(branchesoftheaorta)supplybloodforthemyocardium ⅦConductingSystemoftheHeart(p121)Questions:20.Whatisthemechanismoftheheartactivity?(para.1)21.Whataretheconductingsystemandtheirfunctions?(para.2----3)thesinoatrialnode,theatrioventricularnode,theatrioventricularbundle,therightandleftbundlebranches,thePurkinjefibers ⅧTheCardiacCycleQuestions:22.Tellmethelastingtimeandthecompositionofacardiaccycle.(para.1)23.WhatisECG?Explainthefivedistinctdeflectionwaves:P,Q,R,S,T(para.2) HomeworkTranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese:1.pulmonarycirculation/circuit2.systemiccirculation/circuit3.pulmonaryarteries/veins4.cardiacchambers5.atrioventricularvalves6.tricuspidvalve7.mitral/bicuspidvalve8.fibrousstrands 9.pulmonarytrunk10.ventricularcontraction/relaxation11.superior/inferiorvenacava12.elastic/musculararteries13.posturalchanges14.gaseousdiffusion15.pulmonarysemilunar16.coronaryarteries17.sinoatrialnode 18.thoracicvertebrae19.sinusrhythm20.conductionvelocity21.cardiac/ventricularoutput22.cardiaccycle23.ventricularsystole/diastole24.ejectionvolumeoftheheart25.dorsalispedisartery26.vascularfilling
