[英语考试]英语写作必背词汇

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写作必背词汇英语作文常用词汇近义词汇（中译英）：1.完全：absolute,unconditional,unlimited,complete,unrestricted,unmixed,perfect,entire　　2.好：extraordinary,amazing,miraculous,marvelous,stupendous,excellent,good,well,wonderful,fine,nice,ofhighquality,pleasing,surprising,agreeable　　3.小：small,diminutive,puny,little,pocket-sized,petit,minute,tiny　　4.多：big,enormous,large,gigantic,vast,tremendous,gargantuan,huge,immense,alotof,lotsof,many,much,plentyof,agreatdealof,anumberof,anamountof,agreatmany,agoodmany,manya,scoresof,dozensof,agreatquantityof　　5.高兴，快乐：delighted,delightful,pleased,pleasing,charmed,pleasant,cheerful,cheering,merry,happy,gratified,glad,gay,agreeable,friendly,content,satisfied,light-hearted,joyful　　6.真的：True,truthful,veracious,faithful,accurate,loyal,staunch,genuine,honest,real,trustworthy,constant.7.全，都：all,whole,entire,complete,perfect,total,thewholenumberof,unbroken,gross琐碎的，不重要的，微不足道的--trivialfrivoloussuperficialtriflingworthless轻视，贬抑--disdaindespiserejectscorncontemptderogatedisparagedepreciate嘲笑，嘲讽--deridemockridiculescornsneerquipflouthackjapepersiflagetaunt容易冲动的--impetuoushastyheadlongrashbrashpassionateprecipitatereckless理论家，空谈家--doctrinairepedanttheorist残忍的，野蛮的--ferociousbloodthirstybrutalcruelfierceviciouswildatrocious邪恶的，有害的，致命的--sinisterdiaboliccorruptforbiddingperniciousvirulent秘密的，偷偷的--crypticfurtivecovertcoveredhiddenhideawayshelterveileds避难所--asylumhavenhomeinstitutionrefugeshelterharbor节约的--frugalprudentsavingeconomicalsparingthriftyabstemiousstint浪费的，挥霍的--prodigalextravagantlavishspendthriftwastefulsquander浪费时间，逗弄，嬉戏--dallydawdledelaylaglingerloiter祝福，感谢--benedictionblessblissblessing欺骗，诈骗--deceivebeguiledupehoaxmisleadtrickbamboozlecheatdeludehoodwink逃避工作--malingergoldbrickrelinquish揭密，泄漏--uncoverdiscloseexposeopenrevealunmask掠夺，抢劫--lootpredaterobpillageplundersackspoildespoilburglarizeangle诽谤，中伤--aspersionslanderderogatecalumniatelibeldiscreditdenigrate赞扬--extolcomplimentglorifylaudpraisecommendacclaimeulogizeeucomium颂词，表扬--laudeulogyodehymn反对，不赞成--demurdeprecatedissentdissident否认，拒绝，驳斥--contradictdisputerefuterenouncenaysayrejectrepudiategainsay哀悼，后悔，哀叹--deplorebemoanregretlamentdirgebewailrepent驱逐，出境--deportbanishexpelexpatriateevictexileoustexcludeostracism居住--dwellabideresideinhabitoccupy夸张，吹牛--vauntexaggeratebombastoverstatefull-blownoverdomagnifyamplify夸张的--stiltedlofty傲慢，专横--hauteurswaggerimperiousarroganceoverbearingpreemptoryscurrilouscontemptuoushaughtyinsolentarbitrary活泼的--vivaciousactiveanimatedbriskdynamicenergeticexuberantgaylively恶作剧的，顽皮的--prankishnaughtyimpishelfishdevilishmischievouspuckish笨拙的，麻烦的--cumbersomebulkyburdensomeclumsytroublesomeunmanageablebothersomegaucheantic第34页共34页 写作必背词汇awkwardham-handed暴乱，骚动--agitationbothercommotionfretstirriotsquall大风暴--tempestviolencestorm大混乱，大灾难--havoccalamitycatastrophemisfortunedisastermishaptragedy巨大的，惊人的--prodigiouscolossalenormousextraordinarygigantichugeimmensemammothvasttremendous例外的，奇特的，罕见的--exceptionalremarkablestupendous奇妙的，不可思议的--miraculouswonderfulmarvelous大胆的，莽撞的--audaciousboldbravedaringgallantheroicvaliantprowess多产的，丰富的，繁茂的--prolificfecundfertilefruitfulproductivemunificentprosperousaffluentflourishopulentwell-offplentifulabundant贫瘠的，不孕的，不毛之地--barrensterile贫困的，贫乏的，没钱的--indigentpenuriouspenuryimpecuniousimprovishedneedydown-and-outpennilesswretcheddestitutebankrupt手铐，束缚--shacklehandcuffmanaclechainbindfetter神秘的--mysteriousesotericoccult取消，撤销，废除--rescissrepealnullifyabolishquashwithdrawabrogateabolishannulcancelinvalidaterecallrescindrevokenullifyretractoverrule使衰弱，使衰老--enfeebleenervatedebilitateweakenvitiate虚弱的，衰老的--fecklessflaccidflagginglanguideffete耻辱，污名--tarnishstainslurdisgracebrandblemishstigmadiscredithumiliation持久的--everlastingperpetualpermanentendurableabidingeternal短暂的--momentarytemporarytransientephemeralevanescentprovisional谨慎的，警觉的--warycharyvigilantdiscreetconsideratecautiousprudentcarefulcircumspect责备，指责，咒骂--accuseblamecensurechargedenounceimpugnimpeachindictexecratecondemncriticizereproachreprovedisapproveupbraidvituperatereproveinjurereprehendrebukeinveighdiatribeabuselambasteobloquyinvective免责，确定无罪--exemptexonerateexculpateinvulnerableabsolve妨碍，阻挠--filibusterencumberimpedehamperhinderstymiecurbobstructrestrainretardhamperthwartfoilclogcheckocclude促进，帮助--precipitateaccelerateadvancefacilitatehastenhurrypromotequickenspeed-upassistabetpress挑剔的--meticulousnitpickfinickyfinicalexactingcensoringfussyfastidiouschoosycriticalparticularselectivepernicketyprissypunctiliousprudish苛责，吹毛求疵的--carpcavilpickcriticizequibble迅速发展--prosperflourishthriveboomdevelopgrowincreasemushroomsprout镇压--quellappeaseextinguishhushlullmollifypacifyquietsmotherstiflesubduesuppresssquelshfoilslakequench刺激--rousearouseawakenexcitefomentangerinflamekindlemovepiqueprovokedisquietincensewhetstimulatestirinstigategalvanizevexrileroilannoyaggravatedisturbirritate放纵--indulgecoddlepamperpander-tomollycoddlehumorcaterdote-onsybaritevoluptuarywantonspoil笨蛋，傻瓜--doltnumskulldunceblockheadloutidiocyidiotcretinhalf-witfooldullardimbecilemoronsimpletonpratoafslouchdull-head愚蠢--idiocystupidityabsurditymadnesslunacyfolly愚蠢的--crassdoltishoafishimbecilicmoronicfatuousvacuous伪造，掺假--adulterateforgecounterfeitfalsifybogus真正的，纯种的--genuineauthentic真实的，坦诚的，诚实的--candidcandorfrankfairgenuineopenpuretrustworthytrustfulveracious第34页共34页 写作必背词汇virtuous减弱，降低--clamappeaseallayalleviateeaselessenmoderatepacifyrelieveattenuateabate宁静的，平静的--quietcalmserenepeacefulsilentstilltranquilpacificcomposed冷静的，不为所动的--phlegmaticimpassiveapatheticcomposedindifferentreservedunemotionalunfeelingunmoved新手，生手--apprenticeneophytenovicetypogreenhornfreshmanuninitiatedverdant预言，预知，预告--presagepredictforecastforeseeforetellportendportentprophesyanticipateomendivinesoothsayaugurforebodepresentiment犹豫，停滞--balkbogglescrupledemurfalterflounderpausevacillatewaverhesitate消除，除去--effaceeraseobliteraterazeeliminateexterminate闲扯，瞎说--drivelpratebabblechatchattergossipblabprattlebabblegabblejabber怀脾气的，暴躁的--cantankerouscrankyirascibleirritablequarrelsomecholericapoplecticchurlishpetulantraspy蹒跚，摇晃，跌倒--staggerlurchreelswaytumblewaverflounderdodderramshackle昂首阔步--swaggerstrut固执的--headstrongobstinatestubbornwillfulfirmdoggedadamantbullheadedpigheadedinflexibletenaciousrigidstiffunbendingunyieldingdourbigotedrecalcitrantbigotrytenacitypertinacity温顺的，驯服的--tameobedientmeekgentledociletamebonhomie效忠，尊敬--homageadorationdeferenceesteemhonorrespectreverenceveneration忠诚--fidelityallegianceattachmentdevotionfaithfealtyloyalty精确，准确--accuracyexactnessexactitudeprecision简洁的--concisetersecurtbriefsuccinctcompendiouscondensedcompressedlaconic大纲，摘要--préciscompendiumcompendiaabstractsummarysynopsis扼要，说明--recapitulatesummarizeoutline民意测验，民意调查--gall-uppollster仁慈的，温和的，宽大的--lenientbeneficbeneficentbenignbenignantclementindulgentmercifulmildtolerant陈旧的--antiquatedbanalshopwornantiquemoth-eatenold-fashionedclichédatedoutmodedhackneyedtime-wornthreadbaretriteimmemorialobsolete使成僵局，僵局--stalematedeadlock粗略的，大概的,粗糙的--schematiccursorycoarsecruderoughvulgarchurlishhusky吸引人的--intriguingalluringappealingattractivebewitchingcaptivatecharmingenchantingenticingfascinatinginterestinginvitingtantalizingtemptingthrillingwinningingratiating优势，主权，权势--cloutascendanceascendancyauthoritypreponderancemajority荒谬的，愚蠢的，可笑的--preposterousabsurdsillyridiculoussenselessnonsensical合理的--logicalnationalreasonablesound一致的，相等的，同样的--congruenttantamountcommensurate和睦，一致--concordharmonyagreementrapportconformity分配，给予，分发--allocateallotapportionassigndistributedivide相称的，合适的，应得的--condignbecomingfittingpropersuitableappropriate微不足道的--trivialfrivolousmeaslypaltrysuperficialtriflingworthlessvenial第34页共34页 写作必背词汇常用短语第34页共34页写作必背词汇byaccident偶然inadditionto…除…之外on(the/an)average平均，一般来说onthebasisof…根据…，在…的基础上at(the)best充其量，至多onbusiness因公，因事inanycase无论如何，总之incaseof…假使…，万一…incase假如，以防(万一)免得innocase决不bychance偶然，碰巧inchargeof…负责…，主管…incommon共用，共有，共同inconclusion最后，总之onconditionthat在…条件下inconnectionwith/to…关于…onthecontrary反之，正相反incontrastwith/to…与…成对照undercontrol被控制住atallcosts不惜任何代价atthecostof…以…为代价inthecourseof…在…过程中，在…期间indetail详细地indifficulties处境困难onearth究竟，到底atallevents无论如何inanyevent无论如何ineffect实际上withtheexceptionof…除…之外inthefaceof…面对…，不顾…infavorof…有利于…，赞成…，支持…ingeneral通常，大体上atheart在内心,实质上inhonorof…为纪念…，向…表示敬意atintervals不时，时时atlength终于，最后,详细地ataloss困惑，不知所措byallmeans无论如何，必定bymeansof…借助于…，用…bynomeans决不bymistake错误地innature本质上onoccasion有时，不时inparticular特别地，尤其，详细地inthefirstplace起初，首先inthelastplace最后inpractice实际上atpresent目前，现在inproportionto…与…成比例for(the)purposeof…为了…onpurpose故意，有意atrandom随意地，任意地atanyrate无论如何，至少byreasonof…由于…with/inregardto…对于…，就…而论withrespectto…关于…asaresult结果，因此asaresultof…由于…的缘故inthelongrun最终，从长远观点看forthesakeof…为了…起见atfirstsight乍一看，初看起来inspiteof…不管…，不顾…intermsof…依据…，按照…onthesecondthoughts经重新考虑，一转念fromtimetotime有时，不时intruth事实上，实际上，的确onthewhole总的来说take...intoaccount把…加以考虑gain/haveanadvantageover…胜过…，优于…takeadvantageof…利用…，趁…之机makethebestof…充分利用…，妥善处理…takechargeof…担任…，负责…makea/thedifference有影响，很重要carry/bringintoeffect使生效，使起作用putintoeffect实行，生效come/gointoeffect生效，实施keepaneyeon…留意…，照看…bear/keepinmind记住makeupone’smind下决心keep/holdpacewith…跟上…，与…同步takeplace发生，进行taketheplaceof…代替…makesense讲得通，有意义agreat/gooddealof大量(修饰不可数名词)influenceon影响replyto…回答…，答复…onceuponatime从前onceinawhile偶尔，有时accountfor…说明…allowfor…考虑到…liveon/by…靠…生活，以…为食referto…参考…，查阅…，涉及…，提到…serveas…用做…第34页共34页 写作必背词汇takefor把……认为是…，把……看成是…thinkover仔细考虑dependon…取决于…devoteto…奉献…，致力于…engagein…从事于…，忙着…insiston…坚持…lookforwardto…盼望…，期待…havesomethingtodowith…和…有点关系havenothingtodowith…和…毫无关系befedupwith…对…感到厌烦take...as把…做为…thinkof...as…把…看做是…beabundantin…富于…，富有…beaccustomedto习惯于beawareof…意识到…bebasedon…根据…，以…为基础becharacterizedby…以…为特征becomposedof…由…组成beconcernedabout…关心…，挂念…bedeterminedtodosomething决心做…beequalto…等于…befreefrom没有……的，不受……影响beidentifiedas…被认为是…beknownas被称做……，以……著称beknownto为……所熟知bepopularwith…受……欢迎bepreparedfor对……做好准备beregardedas被认为是…，被当做是…besatisfiedwith对……满意，满足于…besecondto…次于…besickof…对…感到厌倦beusedas…被用做…beusedto…习惯于…getusedto…习惯于…allofasudden　突然　allthetime　一直,始终asarule　通常,照例asfaras　...beconcerned　就...而言asto…　至于…,关于…　atbest　充其量,至多　beforelong　不久以后beyondquestion　毫无疑问byallmeans　尽一切办法,务必everynowandthen　时而,偶尔initself　本质上,就其本身而言soonerorlater　迟早,早晚abideby…遵守…,信守…agreewith与…相一致同意…bebeneficialto…有利于…，有益于…turnablindeyeto…对…视而不见byleapsandbounds飞速地，突飞猛进地whenitcomesto一谈到…,就…而论disagreewith…与…意见不一致不同意…giveanopinionon…对…发表意见adaptoneselfto…=adjustoneselfto…使自己适应于…attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果commenton…评论…concentrateon/upon…集中注意力于…onthecontrary与之相反convincesomebodyofsomething使某人确信某事deprivesomebodyofsomething剥夺某人某物derivefrom…起源于…indetail详细地beequippedwith…装备有…inessence本质上to…extent在…程度上inform.somebodyofsomething通知某人某事liein在于…majorin主修…inthelightof…按照…，根据…561.outofreachof无法够到.withinreachof(orwithinone’sreach)够得到,能拿到562.reactto对…作出反应563.reacton/upon对…产生影响564.reactagainst作出反抗或反对反应565.(be)readyfor准备好做…566.inreality(=infact,really)事实上567.beyondallreason没有道理的568.byreasonof(=becauseof)由于,因为569.itstandstoreasonthat…理所当然570.reasonwith(=argue)劝说571.inthered亏损,负债,赤字；(be)getoutofred不再亏损572.referto…as把…称做…573.refer…to…(=send,take)送交,呈交574.with/inreferenceto(=concerning,about)关于575.with/inregardto(=concerning)有关,关于576.giveone’sregardstosb.向…问候577.regardlessof(=withoutworryingabout,despite,inspiteof)不顾,不考虑578.in/withrelationto关于,有关第34页共34页 写作必背词汇579.relevantto与…有关的580.toone’srelief令…感到放心的是581.relieve…of…解除,解脱;帮助拿,辞退582.relyon依靠,信赖583.remarkon(upon)对…发表评论584.remedyfor对…治疗法,补救,药物585.remindsb.of提醒某人…,使某人向想起586.ingoodrepair(=ingoodcondition)处于良好状态;beunderrepair在修理中587.replyto答复,回答588.beyondreproach不受责备的;beyond(all)reason毫无道理;beyondquestion毫无疑问;beyondbelief以相信;beyondhope绝望589.resortto诉诸于..,求助于…；resorttoforce诉诸于武力590.in/withrespectto(=concerning)有关,关于591.respondto对…反应,响应,对(药)有效592.inresponseto(=asananswerto)回答,反应593.beresponsefor对…负责,是造成…原因594.reston/upon(=besupportedby)依靠,寄托595.restwith(=beinhandof)在…手中,是…的责任;由…决定;依靠596.restrain…from(=holdbackfrom)抑制..不..597.restrict…to(=keepwithinlimits)把..限制于..598.resultin(=cause)导致599.withtheresultthat其结果是600.inreturn(for)作为报答;以报答(for)601.getridof摆脱,去掉,除去602.beintheright正确的;inthewrong错误的603.bewithinone’srights(todo)有权(做)604.giveriseto(=leadto)引起,导致605.attheriskof(=withdangerof)冒...的风险606.run(take)riskof(=dosthdangerous)的风险607.ruleout(=exclude,eliminate)排除608.insafety安全地609.forthesakeof(=forthegoodoradvantageof)为了…起见610.beforsale待售611.onsale(=offeredtobesold)出售,上市612.besatisfiedwith满意613.onalargescale大规模地614.onschedule(=attheplannedorexactedtime)按时,准时;aheadofschedule提前;inadvance预先;behindschedule落后于计划进度,晚于规定时间615.beschedulefor定在某时(进行)616.scrapethrough(in)勉强通过617.fromscratch(=fromthebeginning)从头开始618.insearchof寻找;inhonorof为了...表示敬意;inmemoryof为纪念..;inhopesof为期待..;inpursuitof为追求..;inbehalfof为…的利益;infavorof为赞成…;insupportof为支持…619.inseason旺季620.insecret秘密地;inprivate私下621.seniorto比…年长;juniorto比…轻;superiorto比…更好;inferiorto比…差622.inasense在某种意义上623.sensitiveto对…敏感;sensible(of)觉察到的;sensational耸人听闻的624.insequence按顺序,按先后次序625.sharein(=haveasharein)分摊,分担626.sharesth.with与…分享,分担,分摊,共用627.beshockedat/by对…感到震惊628.fallshortof达不到629.goshortof(=bewithoutenoughof)缺乏630.forshort(inashortform)为简便,简称631.inshort(=inafewwords,inbrief)简称632.inshortsupply供应不足633.beshortof(=lackingenough)缺乏,不够634.beshyof难为情,不好意思635.atthesideof与…相比636.takethesideof站在…一边637.catchthesightof(=seeforamoment)瞥见638.atthesightof一看见…639.(be)insight(=inview,visible)看得见；outofsight看不见640.knowsb.bysight与…只面熟641.onthesly(=secretly)偷偷地642.smellof有…的气味643.besorryabout/for懊悔的,后悔的,难过的644.speakillof说…的坏话;speakwellof说…的好话第34页共34页 写作必背词汇645.specializein专门研究,专攻646.inspiteof(=despite)尽管647.onthepot(=attheplaceoftheaction)在现场,在出事地点;或(=atonce)立即648.takeastandagainst采取某种立场反对；takeastandfor采取某种立场支持…649.stareat目不转睛地看,凝视,盯着650.instep步伐一致;outofstep步伐不齐651.sticksth.on把…贴在…上652.stickto粘着,坚持653.stickat(=continuetoworkhardat)继续勤奋地致力于…;stickone’swork坚持工作;stickatone’sbooks勤奋读书654.stickto(=refusetoleaveorchange)坚持;sticktoone’spromise比喻食言；sticktoone’sfriend忠于朋友655.instock有….货656.bestrictwith对…严格要求657.be/goonstrike罢工658.subject…to(=cause…toexperience)使受..到subject(adj.)to易受到…的659.submit…to提交660.substitute…for以…代替…661.sufferfrom患…病;受…苦痛662.besuitablefor(=fit)合适…的663.insum大体上,总之664.supplysb.withsth向某人提供某物665.superiorto优于…,比…好666.insupportof以便支持667.besureof(=havenodoubt;certain)确信的668.forsure/certain(certainly,definitely)肯定地.有把握地说669.makesureabout弄清,弄确实670.besurprisedat对..惊奇;take…bysurprise使…惊奇;toone’ssurprise使某人惊奇671.suspectsb.of疑心某犯有…672.besuspiciousof(=nottrusting)对…有疑心`673.bysympatheticto/towards对…同情,赞同674.sympathizewithsb.orsth.对…表示同情675.beinsympathywith赞同,同情676.tasteof有…味道677.ingoodtaste大方,得体;(反意)inbadtaste678.to(one’s)taste合…的口味,中意679.tell…from(=recognize)辨别.认出680.intermsof(=withregardto;respectively)按照,根据,在…方面681.beongood/badtermswith关系好(不好)682.thanksb.forsth.因…感谢某人683.thinkof(=havetheideaof)想到;(=consider)考虑;(=remember)想起684.onsecondthoughts经再三考虑之后685.bethroughwith(=finishwith)做好,完成686.atonetime过去一度,以前曾经687.behindthetimes(思想,看法)落后于时代；behindtime(=late)迟到,晚点688.forthetimebeing(=temporarily)暂时689.intime(for)(=earlyorsoonenough)及时；ontime(=punctually)准时690.atnotime无论何时也不…；inontime(=veryquickly)立即,马上691.attimes(=occasionally)间或,时常；atalltimes(=always)始终,总是692.atatime一次,每次;同时693.ontopof在…上面694.intotal(=allhavebeenaddedup)总计695.beintouchwith与…有接触,有联系；beoutoftouchwith与…没有联系或接触696.betrueof适合于…的;betrueto忠于…697.totrust…to把…委托给698.place(put,have)trustin依赖699.intruth事实上,实在700.byturns轮换地701.inturn(=successively;inorder)依次702.betypicalof是…的特点703.foruse以便使用704.beinuse(=beused)被使用;beoutofuse(=beonlongerused)不再被使用705.beusedto+名词或动名词:习惯于；usedto+动词原形:过去常常(做)706.beunpreparedfor对…无准备的707.invain(=uselessly)徒劳708.bevalidfor对…有效的709.inthevicinity在附近;inclosevicinityto在靠近…的地方;inthevicinityof大约710.withaviewto+动名词(=inordertodosth.)以…为目的711.inview(=insight)看得见第34页共34页 写作必背词汇712.inviewof(=considering)考虑到…；intheviewof按…的意思713.by/invirtueof(=asaresultof,bymeansof)由于…;依靠…力量714.awarningagainst告诫…不要；awarningof警告…存在…715.(be)onthewatchfor不断监视看有没有..；(be)onthewatchagainst不断监视为防范…716.beintheway(=obstructive)碍事,阻碍717.(be)underway(=movingforward)正进行718.bywayof(=bygoingthrough)经由,取道719.bytheway(=inaddition)顺带地(转移话题)720.innoway无论怎样也不…721.intheway对…方式722.inaway从某种程度上说723.asawhole(=ingeneral)就整体而论724.onthewhole(=generally,forthemostpart)大体上说725.againstone’swill违心地,违背意愿地；atwill随心所欲;withawill有决心地726.wishfor渴望某物;hopefor想要某物727.“with+名词+分词”构成复合结构,作状语728.wordforword(=literally)逐字地729.inaword总之;inotherwords换言之;haveawordwithsb.谈一谈;havewordswithsb.争吵;havethelastword有决定权；keepone’sword遵守诺言730.workoutideas出主意;workouttheamountof…计算出…的数量;workoutaproblem解决问题;workoutapuzzle解谜731.atthethoughtof一想到…worryabout担心732.at(the)worst在最糟的情况下733.yieldto对…屈服,投降,让步,顺从734.beworthyof(=bedeservingof)值得,够得上,配得上第34页共34页写作必背词汇第34页共34页 写作必背词汇常用实意词汇adventuren.冒险;奇遇anxiousa.忧虑的,焦急的apologizevi.道歉,谢罪appearancen.出现,露面;容貌appointmentn.约会appreciatev.欣赏;感激audiencen.观众,听众baggagen.行李bamboon.竹behaviourn.行为,举止blamen.&v.责备;责怪bleedvi.出血,流血 boringa.乏味的,无聊的breathevi.呼吸 businessmann.商人;企业家cameran.照相机;摄像机celebratev.庆祝centigradea.摄氏的centuryn.世纪,百年certificaten.证明,证明书chainstore(s)连锁店cheekn.面颊,脸蛋chemistryn.化学classicala.传统的;古典的climaten.气候clinicn.诊所collegen.学院;专科学校comfortablea.舒服的;安逸的;舒服自在的commentn.评论communicatev.交际;传达（感情,信息等）comparevt.比较,对照compositionn.作文;作曲conceiteda.骄傲自满的conditionn.条件,状况conferencen.（正式的）会议;讨论congratulatevt.祝贺contenta.甘愿的,满意的n.内容convenienta.便利的,方便的countern.柜台,结账处countrysiden.乡下,农村cousinn.堂（表）兄弟,堂（表）姐妹crazya.疯狂的crowdeda.拥挤的curiousa.好奇的;奇异的dailya.每日的;日常的ad.每天n.日报damagen.&vt.毁坏,损害dawnn.黎明,拂晓deadlinen.最后期限,截止日期destroyvt.破坏,毁坏determinevt.决定;决心devotevt.把……奉献;把……专用（于）diaryn.日记;日记簿dictionaryn.词典,字典dining-room食堂,饭厅disadvantagen.不利条件;弱点disappearvi.消失disastern.灾难;祸患discoveryn.发现diseasen.病,疾病distanta.远的,遥远的districtn.区;地区;区域disturbvt.扰乱;打扰dividevt.分,划分dizzya.头晕目眩的 drawern.抽屉drunka.醉的easy-goinga.随和的educationn.教育,培养effortn.努力,艰难的尝试electricityn.电;电流encouragevt.鼓励endlessa.无止境的;没完的enlargevt.扩大entertainmentn.娱乐entrancen.入口;入场;进入的权利;入学许可envelopen.信封environmentn.环境especiallyad.特别,尤其examinevt.检查;诊察excellenta.极好的,优秀的exitn.出口,太平门expectvt.预料;盼望;认为experiencen.经验;经历expertn.专家,能手explanationn.解释,说明expressvt.表达;表示;表情n.快车,特快专递failuren.失败fairlyad.公正地,正当地;相当（程度）地familiara.熟悉的favourite(美favorite)a.喜爱的n.特别喜爱的人或物Februaryn.2月第34页共34页 写作必背词汇festivala.节日的,喜庆的firmn.公司;企业a.坚固的,坚定的foggya.多雾的followinga.接着的;以下的 formera.以前的,从前的;（两者之中的）前者fortunatea.幸运的;侥幸的freezinga.冻结的;极冷的frequenta.经常的;频繁的fresha.新鲜的wonderfula.美妙的,精彩的;了不起的;太好了worrieda.担心的,烦恼的woundeda.受伤的youthn.青春;青年 1.alterv.改变,改动,变更2.burstvi.n.突然发生,爆裂3.disposevi.除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)4.blastn.爆炸；气流vi.炸,炸掉5.consumev.消耗,耗尽6.splitv.劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的7.spitv.吐（唾液等）；唾弃8.spillv.溢出,溅出,倒出9.slipv.滑动,滑落；忽略10.slidev.滑动,滑落n.滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacterian.细菌12.breedn.种,品种v.繁殖,产仔13.budgetn.预算v.编预算,作安排14.candidaten.候选人15.campusn.校园16.liberala.慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transformv.转变,变革；变换18.transmitv.传播,播送；传递19.transplantv.移植20.transportvt.运输,运送n.运输,运输工具21.shiftv.转移；转动；转变22.varyv.变化,改变；使多样化23.vanishvi.消灭,不见24.swallowv.吞下,咽下n.燕子25.suspicionn.怀疑,疑心26.suspiciousa.怀疑的,可疑的27.milda.温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的28.tendera.温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisancen.损害,妨害,讨厌（的人或事物）30.insignificanta.无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的31.acceleratevt.加速,促进32.absolutea.绝对的,无条件的；完全的33.boundaryn.分界线,边界34.braken.刹车,制动器v.刹住（车）35.catalogn.目录（册）v.编目36.vaguea.模糊的,不明确的37.vainn.徒劳,白费38.extincta.绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinarya.不平常的,特别的,非凡的40。extremea.极度的,极端的n.极端,过分41.agentn.代理人,代理商；动因,原因42.alcoholn.含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appealn./vi.呼吁,恳求44.appreciatevt.重视,赏识,欣赏45.approvev.赞成,同意,批准46.stimulatevt.刺激,激励47.acquirevt.取得,获得；学到48.accomplishvt.完成,到达；实行49.networkn.网状物；广播网,电视网；网络50.tiden.潮汐；潮流51.tidya.整洁的,整齐的52.tracevt.追踪,找到n.痕迹,踪迹53.torturen./vt.拷打,折磨54.wandervi.漫游,闲逛55.waxn.蜡56.weavev.织,编57.preservev.保护,保存,保持,维持61.abusev.滥用,虐待；谩骂62.academica.学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63.academyn.（高等）专科院校；学会64.batteryn.电池（组）65.barriern.障碍；棚栏66.cargon.（船、飞机等装载的）货物67.careern.生涯,职业68.vesseln.船舶；容器,器皿；血管69.verticala.垂直的70.obligev.迫使,责成；使感激71.obscurea.阴暗,模糊72.extentn.程度,范围,大小,限度73.exteriorn.外部,外表a.外部的,外表的74.externala.外部的,外表的,外面的75.petroln.汽油76.petroleumn.石油77.delayvt./n.推迟,延误,耽搁78.decayvi.腐烂,腐朽79.decenta.像样的,体面的80.routen.路；路线；航线81.ruinv.毁坏,破坏n.毁灭,[pl.]废墟82.saken.缘故,理由第34页共34页 写作必背词汇83.satelliten.卫星84.scalen.大小,规模；等级；刻度85.templen.庙宇86.tediousa.乏味道,单调的87.tendvi.易于,趋向88.tendencyn.趋向,趋势89.ultimatea.极端的,最大的,最终的n.极端90.undergov.经历,遭受91.abundanta.丰富的,充裕的,大量的92.adoptv.收养；采用；采纳93.adaptvi.适应,适合；改编,改写vt.使适应94.bachelorn.学士,学士学位；单身汉95.casuala.偶然的,碰巧的；临时的；非正式的96.trapn.陷阱,圈套v.设陷阱捕捉97.vacanta.空的,未占用的98.vacuumn.真空,真空吸尘器99.orala.口头的,口述的,口的100.opticsn.（单、复数同形）光学101.organn.器官,风琴102.excessn.过分,过量,过剩103.expelv.驱逐,开除,赶出104.expendv.消费105.expendituren.支出,消费；经费106.expensen.开销,费用107.expensivea.花钱多的；价格高贵的108.expandv.扩大,扩张；展开,膨胀109.expansionn.扩大,扩充；发展,膨胀110.privatea.私人的,个人的111.individuala.个别的,单独的n.个人,个体112.personala.个人的,私人的；亲自的114.personneln.[总称]人员,员工；人事部门115.thePacificOcean太平洋116.theAtlanticOcean大西洋117.theArcticOcean北冰洋118.theAntarcticOcean南冰洋119.grantvt.授予,同意,准予119.granda.宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的120.invadev.侵入,侵略,侵袭121.acidn.酸,酸性物质a.酸的；尖刻的122.acknowledgev.承认；致谢123.balconyn.阳台124.calculatevt.计算,核算125.calendarn.日历,月历126.optimistica.乐观127.optionala.可以任选的,非强制的128.outstandinga.杰出的,突出的,显著的129.exportn.出口（物）v.出口,输出130.importn.进口（物）v.进口,输入131.imposevt.把...加强(on)；采用,利用132.religionn.宗教,宗教信仰133.religiousa.宗教的134.victimn.牺牲品,受害者135.videon.电视,视频a.电视的,录像的136.videotapen.录像磁带v.把...录在录像带上137.offendv.冒犯,触犯138.botherv.打搅,麻烦139.interferev.干涉,干扰,妨碍140.internala.内部的,国内的141.beforehandad.预先,事先142.raciala.人种的种族的143.radiationn.放射物,辐射144.radicala.根本的；激进的145.rangen.幅度,范围v.（在某范围内）变动146.wondern.惊奇,奇迹v.想知道,对...感到疑惑147.isolatevt.使隔离,使孤立148.issuen.问题,争论点；发行,（报刊）一期149.hollowa.空的,中空的,空虚道150.hookn.钩vt.钩住151.adequatea.适当地；足够152.adherevi.粘附,附着；遵守,坚持153.banvt.取缔,禁止154.capturevt.俘虏,捕获155.valida.有效的,有根据的；正当的156.valleyn.山谷,峡谷157.consistenta.坚固定；一致的,始终如一的158.continuousa.继续的,连续（不断）的159.continuala.不断地,频繁的160.explodev.爆炸；爆发；激增161.exploitv.剥削；利用,开采162.explorev.勘探163.explosionn.爆炸；爆发；激增164.explosivea.爆炸的；极易引起争论的165.remotea.遥远的,偏僻的166.removaln.除去,消除167.rendervt.使得,致使167.rendervt.呈递,归还,着色,汇报,致使,放弃,表演,实施vi.给予补偿n.交纳,粉刷,打底168.precautionn.预防,防备,警惕169.idlea.懒散的,无所事事的170.identifyvt.认出,鉴定171.identifyn.身份；个性,特性172.povertyn.贫穷第34页共34页 写作必背词汇173.resistanta.(to)抵抗的,抗...的,耐...的174.resolvevt.解决；决定,决意175.barreln.桶176.bargainn.便宜货vi.讨价还价177.coarsea.粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的178.coachn.教练；长途公共汽车179.coden.准则,法规,密码180.coiln.线圈v.卷,盘绕181.adultn.成年人182.advertisev.为...做广告183.advertisementn.广告184.agencyn.代理商,经销商185.focusv.（使）聚集n.焦点,中心,聚焦186.forbidvt.不许,禁止187.debaten./v.辩论,争论188.debtn.欠债189.decaden.十年190.enclosevt.围住；把...装入信封191.encountervt./n.遭遇,遭到192.globen.地球,世界；地球仪193.globala.全球的；总的194.scanvt.细看；扫描；浏览195.scandaln.丑事,丑闻196.significancen.意义；重要性197.subsequenta.随后的,后来的198.virtuen.美德,优点199.virtuala.实际上的,事实上的201.portionn.一部分202.targetn.目标,靶子vt.瞄准203.portablea.手提式的204.declinev.拒绝,谢绝；下降205.illusionn.错觉206.likelihoodn.可能,可能性207.stripen.条纹208.emphasizevt.强调,着重209.emotionn.情感,感情210.emotionala.感情的,情绪（上）的211.awfula.极坏的,威严的,可怕的212.awkwarda.笨拙的,棘手的213.cluen.线索,提示214.collisionn.碰撞,冲突215.devicen.装置,设备216.devisevt.发明,策划,想出217.inevitablea.不可避免的218.navala.海军的219.navigationn.航行220.necessityn.必需品；必要性221.previousa.先,前,以前的222.provisionn.[pl.]给养,口粮；准备,设备,装置223.pursuevt.追逐；追求；从事,进行224.stalea.不新鲜的,陈腐的225.substituten.代用品vt.代替226.deservevt.应受,应得,值得227.discriminationn.歧视；辨别力228.professionala.职业的,专门的229.securea.安全的,可*的230.securityn.安全,保障231.scratchv./n.抓,搔,扒232.talentn.才能,天资；人才233.insurancen.保险,保险费234.insurevt.给...保险,保证,确保235.neverthelessad.仍然,然而,不过236.neutrala.中立的,中性的237.spotn.地点；斑点vt.认出,发现；玷污238.sprayv.喷,（使）溅散239.mediuma.中等的,适中的n.媒介物,新闻媒介240.median.新闻传媒241.auxiliarya.辅助的,备用的242.automatica.自动的243.competevi.竞争,比赛244.competenta.有能力的,能胜任的245.competitionn.竞争,比赛246.distributevt.分发247.disturbvt.打搅,妨碍248.inferv.推论,推断249.integratev.（使）成为一体,（使）合并250.moista.潮湿251.moisturen.潮湿252.promotevt.促进；提升253.regionn.地区；范围；幅度254.registerv./n.登记,注册255.stablea.稳定的256.sophisticateda.老于世故的,老练的；很复杂的257.splendida.极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的258.cancelvt.取消,废除259.variablea.易变的,可变的260.prospectn.前景,前途；景象261.prosperityn.兴旺,繁荣262.aspectn.方面；朝向；面貌263.copevi.(with)（成功地）应付,处理264.coren.果心,核心265.maintainvt.维持,保持；坚持,主张第34页共34页 写作必背词汇266.mainlandn.大陆267.disciplinen.纪律；惩罚；学科268.domestica.本国的,国内的；家用的；家庭的269.constanta.不变的,恒定的n.常数270.cliffn.悬崖,峭壁271.authorityn.权威；当局272.audioa.听觉273.attituden.态度274.communityn.社区,社会275.commitvt.犯（错误,罪行等）,干（坏事等）276.commentn./vt.评论277.distinguishvt.区分,辨别278.distressn.痛苦,悲伤vt.使痛苦279.facilityn.[pl.]设备,设施；便利,方便280.facultyn.能力,技能;系,学科/院;全体教员281.mixturen.混合,混合物282.moodn.心情,情绪；语气283.morala.道德上的,有道德的284.prominenta.突出的285.substancen.物质；实质286.substantiala.可观的；牢固的；实质的287.promptvt.促使a.敏捷的,及时的288.vivida.生动的289.vocabularyn.词汇（量）；词汇表290.venturen.风险投资,风险项目v.冒险；取于291.versionn.版本,译本；说法292.waistn.腰,腰部293.weldv./n.焊接294.yawnvi.打哈欠295.yieldvi.(to)屈服于；让出,放弃n.产量296.zonen.地区,区域297.strategyn.战略,策略298.strategica.战略（上）的,关键的299.tensea.紧张的v.拉紧n.时态300.tensionn.紧张（状态）,张力301.avenuen.林荫道,大街302.availablea.现成可用的；可得到的303.comparablea.(with,to)可比较的,类似的304.comparativea.比较的,相对的305.dashvi.猛冲,飞奔306.datan.数据,资料307.divevi.跳水,潜水308.diversea.不同的,多种多样的309.entitlevt.给...权利,给...资格310.regulatevt.管理,调节311.releasevt./n.释放,排放；解释解脱312.exaggeratev.夸大,夸张313.evila.邪恶的,坏的314.shrinkvi.起皱,收缩；退缩315.subtractv.减（去）316.suburbn.市郊317.subwayn.地铁318.surveyn./vt.调查,勘测319.wealthya.富裕的320.adjustv.调整,调节321.attachvt.系,贴；使附属322.profitn.利润,益处；v.有益于,有利于323.profitablea.有利可图的324.slopen.斜坡,斜面325.reinforcevt.增强,加强326.rejectvt.拒绝327.fatala.致命的；重大的328.faten.命运329.humblea.谦逊的；谦虚的330.illegala.不合法的,非法的331.awardvt.授予,判给n.奖品,奖金332.awarea.意识到333.columnn.柱,圆柱；栏,专栏334.comedyn.喜剧335.dumba.哑的；沉默的336.dumpvt.倾卸,倾倒337.deafa.聋的；不愿听的338.decoratevt.装饰,装璜339.principala.最重要的n.负责人,校长340.principlen.原则,原理341.priora.优先的,在前的342.priorityn.优先,重点343.prohibitvt.禁止,不准344.remarkablea.值得注意的,异常的,非凡的345.remedyn./vt.补救,医治,治疗346.repetitionn.重复,反复347.vaina.徒劳的,无效的348.undertakevt.承担,着手做；同意,答应349.uniquea.唯一的,独特的350.obstaclen.障碍（物）,妨碍351.odda.奇特的,古怪的；奇数的352.omitvt.省略353.opponentn.敌手,对手354.opportunityn.机会,时机355.orchestran.管弦乐队356.semestern.学期；半年357.semiconductorn.半导体第34页共34页 写作必背词汇358.seminarn.研讨会359.terminala.末端的,极限的n.终点360.territoryn.领土361.approximatea.大概的,大约v.近似362.arbitrarya.随意的,未断的363.architectn.建筑师364.architecturen.建筑学365.biologyn.生物学366.geographyn.地理（学）367.geologyn.地质学368.geometryn.几何（学）369.arithmeticn.算术370.algebran.代数371.entertainmentn.娱乐；招待,款待372.enthusiasmn.热情,热心373.entryn.进入,入口处；参赛的人（或物）374.environmentn.环境375.episoden.插曲,片段376.equationn.方程（式）377.restrainvt.阻止,抑制378.restraintn.抑制,限制379.resumev.（中断后）重新开始380.severea.严重的381.***uala.性的382.simplicityn.简单；朴素383.simplifyvt.简化384.sorrown.悲哀,悲痛385.stuffn.原料,材料vt.填进,塞满386.temporarya.暂时的,临时的387.temptationn.诱惑,引诱388.terrorn.恐怖389.thrustv.挤,推,插390.treatyn.条约,协定391.arisevi.产生,出现,发生；起身392.arousevt.引起,激起；唤醒393.burdenn.重担,负荷394.bureaun.局,办事处395.marvelousa.奇迹般的,惊人的396.massivea.大的,大量的,大块的397.maturea.成熟的398.maximuma.最高的,最大的399.minimuma.最低的,最小的400.nonsensen.胡说,冒失的行动第34页共34页写作必背词汇第34页共34页 写作必背词汇连接词连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：表示开场atpresent,currently,tobeginwith,ingeneral,generallyspeaking表示总结tosummarize,tosumup,toconclude,inshort，inbrief；inaword，inotherwords；insum;ingeneral，generallyspeaking，finally，atlast，asfarasIknow，inbrief，brieflyspeaking，intheend，onthewhole，inconclusion，insummary；onaccountofthis，theconclusioncanbedrawnthat...asamatteroffact，inreality，infact，重申关系：inotherwords;thatistosay;asIhavesaid;again;onceagain.表示原因：because,becauseof;beingthat；as, since（既然）, for, thecauseof,thereasonfor,nowthat（既然），inthat;forthereasonthat，thereasonseemstobeobvious;forthisreason;+sb/sth:thanksto(多亏)，owingto,dueto, bedueto,becauseof, as a result of, onaccountof因为…，由于…，inconsequenceofdoingsth.由于…的缘故，for the reason that, result from;anotherimportantfactor／reasonof...inviewof(鉴于)表示结果： so，sothat...；therefore， accordingly;thus，hence,thereupon（于是）;inevitably;consequently, undertheseconditions;for this reason, becauseofthis；asaresult，asaresultofthis；as a consequence(result), inconsequence因此，结果；sothat;+sb.sth:result in (导致)结果关系：thus;consequently;hence;therefore;undertheseconditions;asaresult;asaconsequence;because;notonly...but(also...);表示比较both,like,likewise,similarly,incommon,inthesameway表示列举To begin with .... Next....Last...., for one thing…for another, Inthefirstplace...，inthesecondplace...;on the one hand… on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）起始：first,firstly,inthefirstplace,tostartwith,first of all,firstandforemost，beforethis;previously;tobeginwith；tostartwith；first and foremost, mostimportantofall，precedingthis;naturally;aboveall最重要,whatismoreimportant；attheoutset(在开始时)，递进关系：second;next；then，besides(this), after;afterwards;afterawhile,afterthis;followingthis;subsequently;atthistime;atthispoint;simultaneously; meanwhile;atthesametime；concurrently(同时);also, furthermore, moreover;what is more,further；in addition (to that),additionally,moreover, Inthisway;still；muchmoreinteresting;morespecifically,inotherwords；alongthislineofconsideration；even；equallyimportant;ofevengreaterappeal.补充:asfaras...isconcerned;asapoplarsayinggoes...；inordertodoit...;finally;lastly;eventually;consequently;lastbutnotleast;toendwith空间顺序:before，behind，above;below;there;hereandthere;over;around;inside，outside，upstairs，downstairs,beyond;farther;oppositeto;adjacentto;atthesameplace;inthedistance;inthefrontof，infrontof…，atthebackof，ontheright/left（of），totheright/leftof…，ontheothersideof…，inthecenterof…，inthemiddleof…，atthebeginningof，attheendof…，bythesideof…，onthetopof…，atthefootof…，onthebottomof，attheright;between;onthisside.时间关系：atonce;immediately;atlength(最后);inthemeantime;meanwhile;atthesametime;intheend;then;soon;notlongafter;later;atonce;atlast;finally;sometimeago;atpresent;allofasudden;fromthistimeon;fromtimetotime;sincethen;when;whenever;nextpoint;afewminuteslater;formerly;as;once;since;occasionally;inamoment;shortly;whereupon（因此，然后）;previously表示让步although,though，however,but,yet,nonetheless, even if, even though, after all, in spite of, despite，onthecountry，oppositely第34页共34页 写作必背词汇表示并列关系:and;also；too；neither...nor; neither…nor…or;either...or; whether...or,not only ...but also; not...but...；both... and; aswellas，aswell表示举例：for example, for instance,asyouknow；as a case in point, To take ... as an example, take…forexampleOne example is…, Another example is…,acaseinpoint,agoodillustration/exampleof…is…,consider...;inparticular；putitsimply；statedroughly；asanillustration，Iwillsay...；agoodexample(of...)wouldbe...；todetailthis，Iwouldliketo...；Itisinterestingtonotethat...；ashasbeennoted如前所述及;takethecaseof;takeasexample(something)；such as, like，andsoon，soonandsoforth，andsoonandonandon，etc.suchasincluding...；asfor;asregards;asto；accordingto;inthiscase;inthissituation;asproof;onthisoccasion.表示说明：namely(也就是), youmayas／say；asheexplains；that'stosay，inotherwords表示强调especially,particularly;inparticular；tobestrict;chiefly,certainly,surely,ofcourse;forsure，actually,really，indeed，infact,intruth,inreality;nottomention...；believeitornot；undeniably;itiscertain／surethat...；tobetrue；bydefinition(可以说);definitely（肯定）;undoubtedly;withoutadoubt;inanyevent(不论怎样);withoutreservation(毫无保留地);obviously,otherthingbeingequal（其他情况一样时/相同情况下）；表示从属关系：after, because, if, than, when, before, rather than, that, where, as, once, though, whether, as if, since, unless, while, as though, how, until, why. 表示转折：yet;andyet;still;but；whereas；while；though;although;eventhough；evenso；notwithstanding;otherwise, anyhow, however, nevertheless, independentof；recklessof；despite;despitethat;inspiteofsth,inspiteofthat；regardlessof;yet...；butunless.表示对照rather;unlike；opposedto;asopposedto；asopposedtothis；onthecontrary,contraryto；bycontrast;differentfromthis；somethingisjusttheotherwayaround；conversely相反地；ontheotherhand,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand，foronething…foranother，butontheotherhand.inthesameway，justas，incommonwith，comparedwith，similarly比较关系：similarly;inlikemanner,incomparisonwith;whencomparedwith；comparedwith;wheninfact...;like..;likewise;similarlyimportant;apartfrom(doing);ratherthan...;bydoingso;表示过渡：meanwhile, similarly, anyway, atanyrate无论如何;accordingly于是;likewise, still, thus, indeed, instead, incidentally, certainly, surely, obviously, particularly, above all, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all条件关系:if；unless;lest；providedthat；ifitisthecase；inthissense；once...；ifpossible；ifnecessary；ifso；ifnotall;ifanything.目的关系：withthisobject;forthispurpose;inorderthat;inthisway,since;sothat;onthataccount;incase;withaviewto;forthesamereason.so...asto.第34页共34页 写作必背词汇大学英语四级作文常用词汇 一、开头句型开门见山I．hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages．……既有利又有弊。例如：1．Comparedwithcars，bikeshavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages．举一反三：1．Althoughcomputersbringpeoplealotofconvenience，theyhavemanydisadvantages．2．．．．hasmanyadvantages．Forexample，．．．However，justaseverycoinhastwosides，．．．hasitsdisadvantages．（本例将利弊分开讲，转折过渡自然。justaseverycoinhastwosides也很值得背诵。）II．play（s）animportantrole／partin．．．……在……中扮演重要角色／起重要作用。例如：1．Computersplayanimportantroleinscienceandtechnology．2．Educationplaysanimportantpartindevelopingourmind．3．Addictiontoalcoholanddrugsplayaroleinhomelessness．举一反三：1．Advertisementplaysaninformativeroleinourdailylife．2．Inthepast，lettersplayedadecisiveroleinlong-distancecommunication．Butnow，telephone，email，faxhavetakentheirplace．III．Withthedevelopmentof．．．，随着……的发展，例如：1．Withthedevelopmentofoureconomy，manyChinesefamiliescanaffordacar．举一反三：1．WiththerapidincreaseofChina'spopulation，housingproblemisbecomingmoreandmoreserious．随着中国人口的急剧增加，住房问题越来越突出。2．Withmoreandmorewomenenteringsociety，people'sattitudetowardswomenischanging．随着越来越多的妇女走入社会，人们对妇女的态度也在改变。3．WiththedeepeningofChinesereformandopeningup，anincreasingnumberofChinesefamiliescanaffordacar．随着中国改革开放的深入，越来越多的中国家庭买得起车了。（“越来越多”除了常用的moreandmore外，还可以用anincreasingnumberof，agrowingnumberof，asignificantnumberof，agreatnumberof等来表达。）本结构看似固定，实则富于变化，只要记住with有“随着”的意思，相信大家可以根据实际的需要造出更多的句子。我们已经看到，开门见山的开头使论文直切主题，直白明确地提出了论点。不过在讨论某些有争议性的问题时，就显得有欠缺，因为我们必须在文章的开头引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后再表明自己的观点。下面就是专门针对争议性论文的一种句型。IV．Whenitcomesto．．．，somepeoplethink／believethat．．．，othersargue／claimthatopposite／reverseistrue．Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments／statements，but．．．当说到……，有些人认为……，但另一些人则持相反的观点……。这两种观点可能都有点道理，但……。本结构先用whenitcomesto．．．引出话题，再用some．．．others．．．这个对立的结构引出了两种相反的观点，然后说Thereissometruthinboth．．．表明严谨公正的态度，最后用but．．．很自然地引出了自己的论点。请看下面这个例子：TV，agoodthingorbadthingWhenitcomestoTV，somepeoplebelievethatitisextremelyvaluable，asitprovidesrelaxation，entertainmentandeducation．Othersarguethatitisharmfulforitbeginstocontrolourlivesanddeprivespeopleoftimetodootheractivities．Thereisprobablysometruthinbothsides．Butwemustrealizethattelevisionitselfisneithergoodorbad．Itistheusestowhichitisputthatdeterminesitsvaluetosociety．第34页共34页 写作必背词汇二、结尾句型英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨论的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到inone／aword，generallyspeaking等外，没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型。V．takemeasurestodosth．例如：1．Weshouldtakemeasurestocontrolpollutioninordertosavetheworld．2．We'dbettertakeeffectivemeasurestopreventstudentsfromcheatingonexams．3．Thegovernmentdecidedtotakestrongmeasuresagainstdrugabuse．4．Urgentmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventterroristsfromcarryingoutfurtherattacks．本文列举了英语作文中常用的几个句型，当然不是要大家写出千篇一律的文章来，而是希望起到一种抛砖引玉的作用，提醒大家在学习中注意多总结，以使自己的写作水平更上一层楼。英语四六级写作绝招开头万能公式1．开头万能公式一：名人名言Aproberbsays,“Youareonlyyoungonce.”（适用于已记住的名言）Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwecannotbeyoungforever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：Aseveryoneknows,Noonecandenythat…2．开头万能公式二：数字统计Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.Arecentstatisticsshowsthat…结尾万能公式1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论Obviously（此为过渡短语）,wecandrawtheconclusionthatgoodmannersarisefrompolitenessandrespectforothers.更多过渡短语：tosumup,inconclusion,inbrief,onaccountofthis,thus更多句型：Thus,itcanbeconcludedthat…,Therefore,wecanfindthat…2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！Obviously,itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型：Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.写作的“七项基本原则”一、长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：Asacreature,Ieat;asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind,theyareinawayquite第34页共34页 写作必背词汇similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。二、主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！Tobeginwith,youmustworkhardatyourlessonsandbefullypreparedbeforetheexam（主题句）.Withoutsufficientpreparation,youcanhardlyexpecttoanswerallthequestionscorrectly.三、一二三原则****讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。1）first,second,third,last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally（不推荐，原因：俗）3）thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast（不推荐，原因：俗）4）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）5）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally（强烈推荐）6）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally（强烈推荐）7）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast（强烈推荐）8）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally9）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand（适用于两点的情况）10）foronething,foranotherthing（适用于两点的情况）建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！四、短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：Icannotbearit.可以用短语表达：Icannotputupwithit.Iwantit.可以用短语表达：Iamlookingforwardtoit.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。五、多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospital之类的形象词。再比如：走出房间，general的词是：walkoutoftheroom但是小偷走出房间应该说：slipoutoftheroom小姐走出房间应该说：sailoutoftheroom小孩走出房间应该说：danceoutoftheroom老人走出房间应该说：staggeroutoftheroom所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！第34页共34页 写作必背词汇六、多变句式原则1）加法（串联）都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：Ienjormusicandheisfondofplayingguitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Notonlythefurcoatissoft,butitisalsowarm.其它的短语可以用：besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover2）转折（拐弯抹角）批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。Thecarwasquiteold,yetitwasinexcellentcondition.Thecoatwasthin,butitwaswarm.更多的短语：despitethat,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,notwithstanding3）因果（so,so,so）昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！Thesnowbegantofall,sowewenthome.更多短语：then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,sothat4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：ThisiswhatIcando.Whetherhecangowithusornotisnotsure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：Whentogo,Whyhegoesaway…5）附加（多此一举）如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。Themanwhomyoumetyesterdayisafriendofmine.Idon’tenjoythatbookyouarereading.Mrliu,ouroralEnglishteacher,iseasy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whomorthat关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。6）排比（排山倒海句）文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！Whetheryourtastesaremodernortraditional,sophisticatedorsimple,thereisplentyinLondonforyou.Nowadays,energycanbeobtainedthroughvarioussourcessuchasoil,coal,naturalgas,solarheat,thewindand第34页共34页 写作必背词汇oceantides.Wehavegottostudyhard,toenlargeourscopeofknowledge,torealizeourpotentialsandtopayforourlife.（气势恢宏）要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！七、挑战极限原则既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills.Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent,itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！第34页共34页 写作必背词汇中国传统节日英语作文常用短语词汇汇总  过年celebratethespringfestival   春联springfestivalcouplets   剪纸paper-cuts   年画newyearpaintings   买年货doshoppingforthespringfestival；dospringfestivalshopping   敬酒proposeatoast   灯笼lantern   烟花fireworks   爆竹firecrackers（peoplescareoffevilspiritsandghostswiththeloudpop.）   红包redpackets（cashwrappedupinredpaper，symbolizefortuneandwealthinthecomingyear.）   舞狮liondance（thelionisbelievedtobeabletodispelevilandbringgoodluck.）   舞龙dragondance（toexpectgoodweatherandgoodharvests）   戏曲traditionalopera   杂耍varietyshow   灯谜riddleswrittenonlanterns   灯会exhibitoflanterns  守岁staying-up   拜年paynewyear'scall；givenewyear'sgreetings；paynewyear'svisit   禁忌taboo   去晦气getridoftheill-fortune   祭祖宗offersacrificestoone'sancestors   压岁钱giftmoney；moneygiventochildrenasalunarnewyeargift   culturenote：intheolddays，newyear'smoneywasgivenintheformofonehundredcoppercoinsstrungtogetheronaredstringandsymbolizedthehopethatonewouldlivetobeahundredyearsold.today，moneyisplacedinsideredenvelopesindenominationsconsideredauspiciousandgiventorepresentluckandwealth   辞旧岁bidfarewelltotheoldyear   扫房springcleaning；generalhouse-cleaning   年糕nian-gao；risecake；newyearcake   团圆饭familyreuniondinner   年夜饭thedinneronnewyear'seve饺子jiao-zi；chinesemeatravioli第34页共34页 写作必背词汇考研英语作文经典词汇考研作文基本上分为图画作文和图表作文，而近年来只考了图画作文，因此我们已总结图画作文为重点，对图表作文只做一般介绍处理。此部分主要总结作文常用的词汇，包括作文中常应用的连词、以及常用的热点词汇（纵观今年来的作文，主要涉及文化教育、健康、环保等问题）。一、  图表作文常用词汇：表格图table  ；图表chart；diagramgraph  column描述：show;describe;illustrate;reveal;represent数字figure;数据statistic;百分比percentage;比例proportion上升：increaseriseascendcoresurgegoupclimbmountlevelup下降:decreasefalldropdescenddeclinereducelessenleveldown平稳:stablesteadyremain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto波动:fluctuatefluctuationriseandfallsupanddown占有:occupytakeupaccountforgain而:whilehoweverwhereasontheotherhandactually/infact相比:bycontractonthecontrarylikewisecomparedwith最高点:thehighestthetopthesummitthepeakthemost最低点:bottomlessleastrockbottom平均:meanaverage趋势:tendancytrendinclination预见:prediction达到顶峰:mountto由…组成：consistof/bemadeupof/becomposedof占44%比例：accountfor/makeup44percent位居第一：rankthefirst    仅次于issecondto      居第二位：insecondspot  倒数第一isthelastone第二大部份rankthesecond/thesecondlargestsection  与..相比：comparedwith  A与B成比例AbeinproportiontoB        差不多：About/around/roughly  多达asmanyas正好：Exactly/precisely      水平：leveloff二、  图画作文常用词汇：（1） 常见热点词汇：1.素质教育：QualityEducation2.EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educationalquotient，另一种情感商数Emotionalquotient3.保险业：theinsuranceindustry4.保证重点指出：ensurefundingforpriorityareas5.补发拖欠的养老金：clearuppensionpaymentsinarrears6.不良贷款：non-perFORMingloan第34页共34页 写作必背词汇7.层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-levelcontractingandillegalsubcontracting8.城乡信用社：creditcooperativeinbothurbanandruralareas9.城镇居民最低生活保障：aminimumstandardoflivingforcityresidents10.城镇职工医疗保障制度：thesystemofmedicalinsuranceforurbanworkers11.出口信贷：exportcredit12.贷款质量：loanquality13.贷款质量五级分类办法：thefive-categoryassetsclassificationforbankloans14.防范和化解金融风险：takeprecautionsagainstandreducefinancialrisks15.防洪工程：flood-preventionproject16.非法外汇交易：illegalforeignexchangetransaction17.非贸易收汇：foreignexchangeearningsthroughnontradechannels18.非银行金融机构：non-bankfinancialinstitutions19.费改税：transFORMadministrativefeesintotaxes20.跟踪审计：foolow-upauditing21.工程监理制度：themonitoringsystemforprojects22.国有资产安全：thesafetyofstate-ownedassets23.过度开垦：excessreclamation24.合同管理制度：thecontractsystemforgoverningprojects25.积极的财政政策：pro-activefiscalpolicy26.基本生活费：basicallowance27.解除劳动关系：severlaborrelation28.金融监管责任制：theresponsibilitysystemforfinancialsupervision29.经济安全：economicsecurity30.靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：toincreasethedeficittospendmoreondevelopment31.扩大国内需求：theexpansionofdomesticdemand32.拉动经济增长：fueleconomicgrowth33.粮食仓库：graindepot34.粮食收购企业：graincollectionandstorageenterprise35.粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closedoperationofgrainpurchasefunds36.粮食销售市场：grainsalesmarket37.劣质工程：shoddyengineering38.乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款：arbitrarycharges,fund-raising,quotasandfines39.骗汇、逃汇、套汇：obtainforeigncurrencyunderfalsepretenses,notturnoverforeignowedtothegovernmentandillegalarbitrage40.融资渠道：financingchannels41.商业信贷原则：theprinciplesforcommercialcredit42.社会保险机构：socialsecurityinstitution43.失业保险金：unemploymentinsurancebenefits44.偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：taxevasion,taxfraudandrefusaltopaytaxes45.外汇收支：foreignexchangerevenueandspending46.安居工程：housingprojectforlow-incomeurbanresidents47.信息化：inFORMation-based;inFORMationization48.智力密集型：concentrationofbrainpower;knowledge-intensive49.外资企业：overseas-fundedenterprises50.下岗职工：laid-offworkers51.分流：repositionofredundantpersonnel第34页共34页 写作必背词汇52.素质教育：educationforall-rounddevelopment53.豆腐渣工程：jerry-builtprojects54.社会治安情况：law-and-ordersituation55.民族国家：nationstate56.“台独”："independenceofTaiwan"57.台湾当局：Taiwanauthorities58.台湾同胞：Taiwancompatriots59.台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：TaiwanisaninalienablepartoftheChineseterritory.60.西部大开发：DevelopmentoftheWestRegions61.可持续性发展：sustainabledevelopment62.风险投资：riskinvestment63.通货紧缩：deflation64.扩大内需：toexpanddomesticdemand65.计算机辅助教学：computer-assistedinstruction(CAI)66.网络空间：cyberspace67.虚拟现实：virtualreality68.网民：netizen(netcitizen)69.电脑犯罪：computercrime70.电子商务：thee-business71.网上购物：shoppingonline72.应试教育：exam-orientededucation73.学生减负：toreducestudyload74.“厄尔尼诺”：（ELNino）75.“拉尼娜”：（LaNina）76.“智商”：（IQ）77.“情商”：（EQ）78.“第三产业”：（third/tertiaryindustry,servicesector,thirdsequenceofenterprises）79．“第四产业”：（quaternary/inFORMationindustry）79.“军嫂”：（militaryspouse）80.“峰会”（香港译“极峰会议”）”：summit(conference81.“克隆”：clone82.“冰毒”：ice83.“摇头丸”：dancingoutreach84.“传销”：multilevelmarketing85.“（计算机）2000年问题”：Y2Kproblem(yforyear,kforkiloorthousand)86.“白皮书”：whitepaper(不是whitecoverbook)87.“傻瓜相机”：Instamatic(商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机)；88.“白条”：IOUnote（IOU：债款、债务，由Ioweyou的读音缩略转义而来）89.“巡回招聘”：milkround（一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈）。90.“减员增效”：increaseefficiencybydownsizingstaff；91.“抓大放小”：managelargeenterpriseswellwhileeasecontroloversmallones；92.“市政府要办的X件实事”：xmajorprojectsthatshouldbegiventoppriorityasdesignatedonthemunicipalgovernment’sworkingagenda；93.“两个基本点”：twofocalpoints，twoofthemajorpointsofthelinesetbythe13thCongressoftheCPC，I.e.upholdingthefourcardinalprinciplesandthepoliciesreFORM，openingtotheoutsideworldandinvigorating第34页共34页 写作必背词汇domesticeconomy。94.“投资热点”：aregionattractivetoinvestors，amuchsoughtpieceofhand，popularinvestmentspot95.“移动电话”：本系cellular（有时简作cel）或mobile（tele）phone96.“三角债”：chaindebts或debtchains97.“拳头产品”：knockoutproduct98.“投诉热线”：dial-a-cheatconfidentialhotline（打电话告诉一件欺诈事件）99.“三通”的现译文threelinks：linkoftrade，travelandpost100.“外资”：overseasinvestments101.“开放”：opentotheoutsideworld102.“联防”：community/teampolicing（一种由警察和辖区居民共同参与的治安管理）103.“三陪服务”：escortservices（陪伴服务）。104.“五讲四美”：fivestressesandfourpointsofbeauty105.“暴利”：excessive/extravagant/exorbitant/suddenhugeprofit(windfallprofit也好)106.“暴发户”：upstart，parvenu，noov（e），nouveauriche（newrich），jumped-uppeople(口语)107.“快餐”：snack（food），quickmeal，fast（food，meal），takeaway，carryout，MRE（mealsreadytoeat）“一次（性/用）”108.一次处理：single/primarytreatment；109.一次污染：primarypollution；110.一次冻透：straight；freez-ing；111.一次空气：fresh/primaryair；112.一次爆破：onepull；113.一次付清：payinfull；114.一次消费：one-time-consumption；115.一次误差：first-ordererror；116.一次成像照片：aPolaroidpicture；117.一次偿还信贷：non-in-stallment；118.一次性杯子：sanitarycup；119.一次性筷子：disposablechopsticks；120.一次性收入：lump-sumpayment；121.一次用包装：non-returnablecontainer；122.一次用相机：single-usecamera123.西部开发：DevelopWesternRegions124.假日经济：HolidayEconomy125.手机的利与弊：AdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheCellPhone126.传呼机不久将会被淘汰吗？：CanBeepersBeSoonOutofUse?127.电脑病毒：ComputerViruses128.网上犯罪：CyberCrimes129.旅游热：TourismWave130.打拐：CrackingDownontheAbductionofWomenandChildren131.反毒斗争：Anti-drugBattle132.黑客：Hackers133.减负：ReductionofStudents’StudyLoad134.中国加入世贸组织：China’sEntryintotheWTO135.沙尘暴：Sandstorms136.告别1999：FarewelltotheSpecialYear1999137.千年虫：TheMillenniumBug第34页共34页 写作必背词汇138.千禧年的梦想：MyMillenniumDreams139.拥抱新千年：EmbracingtheNewMillennium140.网上购物：ShoppingontheNet141.参考书的负面效应：MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofReferenceBooks142.因特网的利与弊：PositiveandNegativeAspectsofInternet143.人类第一张基因草图的意义：TheSignificanceoftheFirstWorkingDraftofHumanGenomeMap144.高校合并：TheMergingofUniversities145.网上求职：HuntingforAJobonInternet146.何为新世纪的好老师？：WhatIsaGoodTeacherintheNextCentury?147.中国的外资：China’sforeignInvestment148.中国的人才流失：TheTalentFlightinChina149.性教育：SexEducation150.明天的因特网：TheFutureTomorrowsInternet151.课堂是以教师为中心还是以学生为中心？：ATeacher-centeredClassorAStudent-centeredClass?152.现有的考试制度的利与弊：ThePositiveandNegativeAspectsofExamsandtheExistingExaminationSystem153.中国的因特网：InternetinChina154.中国的电脑：ComputersinChina155.中国的大学英语教学：CollegeEnglishTeachinginChina156.新的收费政策把学生拒之门外了吗？：DoesNewTuitionPolicyKeepStudentsAway?157.家教的利与弊：PositiveandNegativeAspectsofHomeTutoring158.教师，国家的未来：Teachers,ANation’sFuture159.电子词典：ElectronicDictionaries160.教育应是应试教育还是素质教育：Education:Examination-orientedorQuality-oriented161.提倡创新精神：DevelopOurCreativeMind162.计算机辅助教学：CAI/ComputerAssistedInstruction163.自动取款机的利与弊：AdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheATM164.展望廿一世纪：LookingForwardtothe21stCentury165.盗版问题：ProblemofPiracy166.学会如何学习：LearnHowtoLearn167.假文凭：FakeDiplomas168.书的不良影响：MyViewontheNegativeEffectsofBooks169.人们为什么热衷于摸彩票？：WhyDoPeopleLiketoTryTheirLuckonLottery?170.兼职工作：MyViewonaPart-timeJob171.无偿献血：BloodDonationwithoutRepayment172.留学海外：StudyingAbroad173.发展经济还是保护环境？：DevelopingEconomyorProtectingtheEnvironment?174.电子邮件：TheInternetE-mail175.拥抱知识经济的新时代：EmbracingtheKnowledgeEconomyAge176.努力更新知识：TryingtoRenewKnowledge177.深化（中国的）改革：DeepenChina’sReFORM178.因特网的利与弊：TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofInternet179.我们需要因特网吗？：DoWeNeedInternet?180.大学英语考试：CollegeEnglishTest181.大学英语四、六级考试有必要吗？：IstheCollegeEnglishTestBand4/Band6Necessary?182.廿一世纪的青年人：TheYouthandthe21stCentury第34页共34页 写作必背词汇（2）分类热点词汇：涉及文化教育的词汇：第34页共34页写作必背词汇自学成才tobecomeeducatedthroughindependentstudy启发式elicitationmethod(ofteaching);heuristicmethod填鸭式教学法cramming/forced-feedingmethodofteaching普及教育universaleducation义务教育compulsoryeducation;freeeducation学前教育preschooleducation初等教育elementaryeducation中等教育secondaryeducation高等教育higher/tertiaryeducation普遍教育generaleducation成人教育adulteducation职业技术教育vocationalandtechnicaleducation国家教育委员会StateEducationCommission高等学校institutionofhighereducation综合性大学comprehensiveuniversity文科大学universityofliberalarts文科院校collegesofart理工科大学college/universityofscienceandengineering师范大学normaluniversity;teachers'university师范学院teachers'college工业大学polytechnicaluniversity工业学院engineeringinstitute农业大学agriculturaluniversity农学院agriculturalcollege医科大学medicaluniversity医学院medicalcollege/school中医院instituteoftraditionalChinesemedicine音乐学院conservatoryofmusic美术学院academyoffinearts体育学院physicalcultureinstitute分校branchschool重点学校keyschool业余学校spare-timeschool业余职工大学spare-timecollegeforstaffandworkers电视广播大学televisionandradiobroadcastinguniversity函授学院correspondenceschool教师进修学校teachers'collegeforvocationalstudies成人夜校nightschoolforadults业余艺术/体育学校amateurarts/athleticschool半工半读学校part-workandpart-studyschool中等专业学校secondaryspecializedschool;polytechnicschool中等技术学校secondarytechnicalschool;technicalsecondaryschool职业学校vocationalschool附中attachedmiddleschool在职进修班in-servicetrainingcourse进修班classforadvancedstudies短训班short-termtrainingcourse专修科special(training)course自学考试self-taughtexamination教职员teachingandadministrativestaff教学人员thefaculty;teachingstaff中、小学校长headmaster/headmistress;principal大专院校校长president;chancellor教务长deanofstudies（系）主任chairman;chairperson副主任vice-chairman教授professor副教授associateprofessor客座教授visitingprofessor;guestprofessor讲师lecturer助教assistant专职教师full-timeteacher兼职教师part-timeteacher辅导员assistantforpoliticalandideologicalwork教研室/组teachingandresearchsection/group教学组teachinggroup教员休息室staffroom;commonroom母校AlmaMater校友alumnus;alumna学生会students'union/association高年级学生upper/highergradepupil/student;pupil/studentinseniorgrades低年级学生lowergradepupil/student;pupil/studentinjuniorgrades走读生daystudent;non-residentstudent住宿生boarder旁听生auditor研究生graduatestudent;post-graduate(student)应届毕业生graduatingstudent/pupil;thisyear'sgraduates第34页共34页 写作必背词汇听课tovisitaclass;tositinonaclass;ptoattendalecture公开课openclass课程course;curriculum必修课required/compulsorycourse选修课elective/optionalcourse基础课basiccourse专业课specializedcourse课程表schooltimetable课外活动extracurricularactivities课外辅导instructionafterclass课外阅读outsidereading课堂讨论classdiscussion（大学的）研究小组；讨论会seminar教学大纲teachingprogram;syllabus教学内容contentofcourses学习年限periodofschooling学历recordofformalschooling学年school/academicyear学期(school)term;semester学分credit分数mark;grade五分制the5-grademarkingsystem百分制100-marksystem学习成绩academicrecord;schoolrecord成绩单schoolreport;reportcard;transcript毕业论文thesis;dissertation毕业实习graduationfieldwork毕业设计graduationceremony毕业典礼graduationceremony;commencement毕业证书diploma;graduationcertificate毕业鉴定graduationappraisal授予某人学位toconferadegreeonsb.升级tobepromotedtoahighergrade留级torepeattheyear'swork;tostaydown补考make-upexamination升学togotoaschoolofahighergrade;toenterahigherschool升学率proportionofstudentsenteringschoolsofahighergrade奖学金scholarship（国家）助学金(state)stipend/subsidy领取助学金的学生agrant-aidedstudent学费tuition(fee)伙食费boardexpenses伙食补助foodallowance文凭diplomasandcertificates考研热thecrazeforgraduateschoolstudy应试教育theexamination-orientededucation义务教育compulsoryeducation复合型人才interdisciplinarytalents文化底蕴therichculturaldeposits大学生创业theuniversitystudents’innovativeundertakings扩招expandenrollment被授予学位begrantedaanofficialcertificatefrom高分低能goodscoresbutlowqualities片面追求升学率placeundueemphasisontheproportionofstudentsenteringschoolsofahigherlevel退学dropoutoftheschool形成淘汰制度frameaneliminationsystem教书育人impartknowledgeandeducatepeople因材施教teachstudentsaccordingtotheiraptitude德才兼备possesspoliticalintegrityandprofessionalability品学兼优beastudentsoffinequalitiesandfinescholar提高学生身心素质improvethehealthandpsychologicalquality适应社会的改变adjusttothesocialchangesquickly满足社会的急需meettheurgentneedofthesociety保护知识产权protecttheintellectualproperty才疏学浅bewantinginabilityandshallowinknowledge努力获得精神文明makeeffortstoseekculturalandideologicalprogress减轻负担reducetheheavyburdens更加有意义和丰富的生活amorevigorous,colorfulanddynamiclife　　文凭diplomasandcertificates　　考研热thecrazeforgraduateschoolstudy　　应试教育theexamination-orientededucation　　义务教育compulsoryeducation　　复合型人才interdisciplinarytalents　　文化底蕴therichculturaldeposits　　大学生创业theuniversitystudents’innovativeundertakings　　扩招expandenrollment　　被授予学位begrantedaanofficialcertificatefrom　　高分低能goodscoresbutlowqualities第34页共34页 写作必背词汇　　片面追求升学率placeundueemphasisontheproportionofstudentsenteringschoolsofahigherlevel　　退学dropoutoftheschool　　形成淘汰制度frameaneliminationsystem　　教书育人impartknowledgeandeducatepeople　　因材施教teachstudentsaccordingtotheiraptitude　　德才兼备possesspoliticalintegrityandprofessionalability　　品学兼优beastudentsoffinequalitiesandfinescholar　　提高学生身心素质improvethehealthandpsychologicalquality　　适应社会的改变adjusttothesocialchangesquickly　　满足社会的急需meettheurgentneedofthesociety　　保护知识产权protecttheintellectualproperty　　才疏学浅bewantinginabilityandshallowinknowledge　　努力获得精神文明makeeffortstoseekculturalandideologicalprogress　　减轻负担reducetheheavyburdens　　更加有意义和丰富的生活amorevigorous,colorfulanddynamiclife第34页共34页写作必背词汇涉及工作的词汇：第34页共34页写作必背词汇崇高职业noblecareer白领工作white-collarworkers跳槽job-hopping试用期probationaryperiod人才流动和双向选择talentflowandadual-wayselection自由职业freelancework拜金主义moneyworship获得名利achievefameandwealth充分发挥个人的潜力developfullyone’spotentialandcreativity实干精神steadfastandearnestinone’swork工作出色excelinone’swork无忧无虑becare-free社会和个人的尊重socialandpersonalesteem生计问题abreadandbutterissue生活补助livingsubsidies人才交流talentsexchange培养人才cultivatetalents推荐人才recommendthevirtuousandable人才外流braindrain优化产业结构optimizethestructure精简人员cutofftheoverstaffedoffices提高综合素质improvethecomprehensivequality解决劳动就业问题　tackletheproblemoflaborforceutilization砸掉大锅饭shattertheconventionofironbowl坚持改革bepersistentinthereformprogress造成失业问题bringabouttheunemploymentproblem下岗人员thelaid-offworkers自谋生路beself-employed给出优惠政策givepreferentialtreatment享受失业救济金enjoyunemploymentpension需要安全感和生活保障needasenseofsecurityandguaranteeoflife劳动力短缺shortageofmanpower提高文化，智慧，品质修养enhancetheirculturalandmoralquality　　崇高职业noblecareer　　白领工作white-collarworkers　　跳槽job-hopping　　试用期probationaryperiod　　人才流动和双向选择talentflowandadual-wayselection　　自由职业freelancework　　拜金主义moneyworship　　获得名利achievefameandwealth　　充分发挥个人的潜力developfullyone’spotentialandcreativity　　实干精神steadfastandearnestinone’swork　　工作出色excelinone’swork　　无忧无虑becare-free　　社会和个人的尊重socialandpersonalesteem　　生计问题abreadandbutterissue　　生活补助livingsubsidies　　人才交流talentsexchange　　培养人才cultivatetalents　　推荐人才recommendthevirtuousandable　　人才外流braindrain第34页共34页 写作必背词汇　　优化产业结构optimizethestructure　　精简人员cutofftheoverstaffedoffices　　提高综合素质improvethecomprehensivequality　　解决劳动就业问题　tackletheproblemoflaborforceutilization　　砸掉大锅饭shattertheconventionofironbowl　　坚持改革bepersistentinthereformprogress　　造成失业问题bringabouttheunemploymentproblem　　下岗人员thelaid-offworkers　　自谋生路beself-employed　　给出优惠政策givepreferentialtreatment　　享受失业救济金enjoyunemploymentpension　　需要安全感和生活保障needasenseofsecurityandguaranteeoflife　　劳动力短缺shortageofmanpower　　提高文化，智慧，品质修养enhancetheirculturalandmoralquality第34页共34页写作必背词汇商业类词汇第34页共34页写作必背词汇　　服务行业servicetrade　　家用电器householdelectricalappliances　　物美价廉withlowpriceandhighquality　　售后服务after-saleservice　　旺季duringpeaksellingseasons　　销售渠道distributionchannel　　商标冒用trade-markinfringement　　稳定物价stabilizethecommodityprices　　加强品牌效应strengthenthebrandeffect　　提高购买力raisethepurchasingpower　　保持市场的良好的秩序keeptomarketingoodorder　　适销对路begoodforsale　　脱销outofstock　　刺激购买欲stimulatethedesiretobuy　　促销promotesales　　超前消费prematureconsumption　　有效期termofvalidity　　零售价retailprice　　批发价wholeprice　　紧俏商品commoditiesinshortsupply　　假冒伪劣forgedandfakecommodities第34页共34页写作必背词汇工业词汇第34页共34页写作必背词汇产业结构升级upgradethestructureofindustry　　外向型经济：export-orientedeconomy　　企业凝聚力thecohesiveforceinenterprise　　亏损企业enterpriseinthered　　创收generateprofits　　精简开支cutdowntheoutlay　　扭转局面reversethetide　　有外需haveapotentialinoverseasmarket第34页共34页写作必背词汇涉及环保的词汇第34页共34页写作必背词汇污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants农业废物Agriculturalwastes商业噪音Commercialnoise混合污染Compositepollution作物废物Cropwaste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardoussubstances危险废物Hazardouswastes重金属Heavymetals医院废物Hospitalwastes工业废水Industrialeffluents工业排放物Industrialemissions工业烟尘Industrialfumes工业噪声Industrialnoise无机污染物Inorganicpollutants铅污染Leadcontamination液体废物Liquidwastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercurycontamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Miningwastes机动车辆排放物Motorvehicleemissions城市废物Municipalwaste氮氧化物Nitrogenoxides噪声污染Noisepollution恶臭公害Odournuisance有机物污染Organicpollutants难降解有机污染物Persistentorganicpollutants有机溶剂Organicsolvents第34页共34页 写作必背词汇有机卤化物Organohalogencompounds医药废物Pharmaceuticalwastes塑料废物Plasticwastes放射性物质Radioactivesubstances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubberwaste污水Sewage固体废物Solidwastes热污染Thermalpollution有毒物质Toxicsubstances有毒废物Toxicwaste痕量元素Traceelements痕量物质Tracematerials交通噪音Trafficnoise废物，垃圾Trash废热Wasteheat木材废料Woodwaste污染源Pollutionsources生物武器Biologicalweapons水泥工业Cementindustry化学武器Chemicalweapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Coolingwaters机动车辆Motorvehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclearweapons海洋倾倒Oceandumping石油泄漏Oilspills废金属Scrapmetals挖掘堆积Excavationheaps污染治理Pollutionabatement隔音Acousticinsulation化学污染清除Chemicaldecontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurizationoffuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noiseabatement污染治理设备Pollutionabatementequipment污染控制技术Pollutioncontroltechnology辐射防护Radiationprotection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smokeprevention废物最少化Wasteminimization废物Wastes电池处理Batterydisposal废物的化学处理Chemicaltreatmentofwaste处置场所Disposalsites废物焚烧Incinerationofwaste矿山回填Minefilling残油回收Oilresiduerecuperation放射性废物管理Radioactivewastemanagement回收的材料Recycledmaterials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuseofmaterials污水处置Sewagedisposal废物处置Wastedisposal废物回收Wasterecovery废物利用Wasteuse核安全Nuclearsafety污染物的影响Pollutanteffects污染风险Pollutionrisk与环境有关的疾病Environmentallyrelateddiseases工作环境Workingenvironment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupationalhealth职业安全Occupationalsafety营养与保健Nutritionandhealthcare过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basicfoodrequirements食品Food食品添加剂Foodadditives食用色素Foodcolourants食品污染Foodcontamination保健Healthcare卫生设施Healthfacilities高蛋白食品Highproteinfoods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medicaltreatment药用植物Medicinalplants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritivevalueoffood毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staplefoods传统保健Traditionalhealthcare灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophicphenomena生物体的意外释放Accidentalreleaseoforganisms雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones地震Earthquakes第34页共34页 写作必背词汇环境事故Environmentalaccidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-madedisasters核事故Nuclearaccidents放射性污染Radioactivecontamination释放Release地震海浪Seismicseawaves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergencyreliefmeasures灾难清理作业Disasterclean-upoperations防灾准备Disasterpreparedness防灾Disasterprevention灾难救援Disasterrelief流离失所人员Displacedpersons紧急救援Emergencyrelief应急避难所Emergencyshelter环境应急计划Environmentalcontingencyplanning防洪Floodcontrol放射性污染清除Radioactivedecontamination临时住房Temporaryhousing临时避难所Temporaryshelter生境破坏Habitatdestruction陆地活动Land-basedactivities自然改变Physicalalterations第34页共34页写作必背词汇关于人口的词汇：第34页共34页写作必背词汇人口  Population人口学家demographer人口理论populationtheory人口过剩overpopulation人口不足underpopulation人口增殖populationreproduction人口增长populationincrease人口减少populationdecrease人口基数populationbase人口分布populationdistribution人口密度populationdensity人口质量populationquality人口年龄金字塔populationpyramid人口统计populationstatistics婚姻状况maritalstatus已婚ever-married离婚divorced生育能力fecundity出生率birthrate,natalityrate出生人数births出生高峰birthpeaks死亡mortality死亡率mortalityrate总死亡率generalmortalityrate婴儿死亡率infantmortalityrate分性别年龄死亡率*-age-specificdeathrate分原因死亡率cause-specificdeathrate平均死亡年龄meanageatdeath平均寿命averagelengthoflife人口自然增长naturalgrowth人口负增长NPG(negativepopulationgrowth)人口零点增长ZPG(zeropopulationgrowth)年增长率annualgrowthrate平均年增长率averageannualrateofgrowth生命指数vitalindex生命统计vitalstatistics年龄性别组成age-*composition年龄结构agestructure年龄组agegroup同年龄组的人cohorts平均预期寿命expectationoflife人口老化agingofpopulation人口年轻化rejuvenationofpopulation性比率*ratio人口普查populationcensus迁居migration迁出,移居国外emigration迁入,移居某国immigration移民migrant国内迁移internalmigration迁移率migrationrate第34页共34页写作必背词汇涉及医药健康的词汇：第34页共34页写作必背词汇杀虫剂pesticide卫生环境sanitaryenvironment营养不良malnourished传染病infectiousdisease第34页共34页 写作必背词汇呼吸疾病respiratorydisease建设卫生城市hygieniccity第34页共34页写作必背词汇政治经济词汇　第34页共34页写作必背词汇立法会议legislativesessions　　行政处罚administrativepenalty　　司法部门enforcementapartment　　侵犯个人隐私invasionofprivacy　　修改宪法revisetheconstitution　　假账deceptiveaccounting　　漏税taxevasion　　刑事诉讼criminalproceeding　　行贿和受贿takeandofferbribes　　要求索赔claimcompensation　　目无法规defythelawandsocialdisciplines　　法律监督functionasalegalsupervisor　　扰乱治安disturbthesocialorder　　建立奖励和制约机制establishaincentiveanddisincentivesystem　　物质和精神文明建设materialandideologicalprogress　　精简机构streamlinegovernmentorgans　　集思广益pooloneswisdom　　扩大内需expandthedomesticdemand第34页共34页写作必背词汇第34页共34页