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AThesisforClassificationNumber:Bachelor’sDegree RestrictedCirculationADiscussiononTranslationStrategiesofEnglishNewsHeadlines:ViewsfromthePerspectiveofTranslafectologySpecialization:EnglishFieldofResearch:LiteratureNameofAuthor:RegistrationNumber:NameofSupervisor:TitleofSupervisor:ForeignLanguagesDepartmentMay20,2014 昌吉学院本科毕业论文（设计）论文（设计）分类号：密级：无简析英语新闻标题的翻译效应策略系院:外语系学科门类:文学专业:英语学号:1025804057姓名:冉倩指导教师:刘瑞强教师职称:副教授二〇一四年五月二十日 毕业论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果或作品。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：年月日毕业论文版权使用授权书本毕业论文作者完全了解学院有关保存、使用毕业论文的规定，同意学院保留并向有关毕业论文管理部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权本学院及以上级别优秀毕业论文评选机构将本毕业论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库以资检索，可以采用复印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本毕业论文。声明人签名：导师签名：年月日年月日 摘要随着社会和经济的快速发展，中国与世界各国的交流也日益频繁，而新闻则是其进行交流的重要渠道之一。新闻传播对于中国乃至世界都产生着重大的影响。新闻标题是新闻的重要组成部分，是吸引读者的关键，因此如何做到英语新闻标题翻译的简洁、准确、抢眼则显得尤为重要。目前，对于英语新闻标题的翻译有许多研究，但对于翻译效应论这方面的研究还是较少的，因此，本文以刘瑞强副教授的翻译效应论作为切入点来探讨英语新闻标题的翻译。翻译效应论从传播学、接受美学、文体学、比较文化学及译学新论等角度论述翻译效应论的性质、过程、目的、原则、准则、方法、正负效应及最佳翻译方法，以及语言转换和文化传递对译入语社会、文化、思想意识，行为方式及价值观念等全方位的影响。全文共分为四部分。第一部分是引言部分包括本项研究的背景，意义及目的；第二部分是国内外研究状况，同时也对翻译效应论的研究过程做一个简单的介绍，分为宏观效应和微观效应，然后是翻译效应论的原则；第三部分是研究方法，将其分为积极影响和消极影响，其次是翻译效应论的功能；第四部分是案例分析。第五部分是影响英语新闻标题的因素。第六部分是全文总结。关键词：英语新闻标题；翻译策略；翻译效应论；简析 AbstractWiththerapiddevelopmentofthesocietyandeconomy,thecommunicationbetweenChinaandtheworldisgettingmorefrequentandthenewsbecomeoneoftheimportantchannelsofcommunication.NewsspreadinghasamajorimpactonChinaandtheworld.Newsheadlineasanimportantcomponentofnewsisthekeytoattractreaders.SohowtomakethetranslationofEnglishnewsheadlineconcise,accurateandisprettyimportant.Atpresent,therearemanystudiesonthetranslationofEnglishnewsheadline,butusingtheTranslafectologytostudytranslationisnotmuch.Forthereasonmentioned,theauthortriestofindoutsomeproperstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofassociateprofessorofLiuRuiqiang’stranslafectology.Translafectologyfromtheperspectiveofcommunication,aestheticsreception,stylistics,comparativeandculturologytodiscussitsproperty,process,objective,principal,criterionmethod,positiveandnegativeeffectandthebestwayoftranslation.ThefirstpartisintroductionofEnglishnewsheadlinewhichcontainthedefinition,functionandcharacteristic.Also,itinvolvestheEnglishnewsheadlineresearchbothathomeandboard.Thesecondpartisliteraturereviewandabriefintroductionoftranslafectology,whichconcludestwoaspects,namelymicrotranslafectologyandmacrotranslafectology.Thethirdpartisaboutresearchmethodology,itisdividedintothreeaspects;theyareresearchsubjects,researchquestionsandinstruments.Thefourthpartsarecasesanalysis.Thefifthpartisthetranslationstudyfromthelanguage,cultureandcommunicationeffectthreeaspectstoanalyzeTranslafectology’sinfluenceofEnglishnewsheadlines.Thesixthpartisconclusion.Keywords:Englishnewsheadline;translationstrategies;Translafectology;analysisContents 摘要IAbstractIIChapterOneIntroduction11.1Thebackgroundoftheresearch11.2Thesignificanceoftheresearch11.3Purposeoftheresearch2ChapterTwoLiteratureReview32.1TheResearchatAbroad32.2TheResearchatHome42.3TheOriginofTranslafectologyanditsDevelopment.52.4TheConceptsofTranslafectology.62.4.1Microtranslafectology62.4.2Macrotranslafectology62.5StrategiesofTranslafectology62.5.1SyntacticLinearity72.5.2InverseTranslation82.5.3Combination82.5.4Division92.6TheDefinitionofNewsHeadline102.6.1CharacteristicsofNewsHeadline10ChapterThreeResearchMethodology123.1ResearchSubjects123.2Researchquestions123.3Instruments13ChapterFourCasesAnalysisintermsofTranslafectology144.1CaseswithExcellentEffect144.2CaseswithGoodEffect15ChapterFiveFactorsImpactingonNewsHeadlinesTranslation165.1FactorsImpactingonNewsHeadlinesTranslation.165.1.1LinguisticFactor.165.1.2CultureFactor17ChapterSixInterpretationandConclusion196.1MajorFindings196.2Limitations196.3FutureResearch20References21Acknowledgments22 ChapterOneIntroduction1.1ThebackgroundoftheresearchSince20thcenturyisthenewsdisseminationenterpriserapiddevelopment.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thenewsmediahasbecomediverges,newsdisseminationenterpriseofworldpolitics,ecology,culture,theimpactofcommunicationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.Thecontactandinteractionwithoutsideworldisincreasingfrequently.Chinaneedstolearnmoreabouttheworld,theworldneedsabetterunderstandingofChinainthemeantime.Thereismuchinformationtopassthroughthenews.Newsheadlineisthemostimportantanddirectwayforreaderstoknowthemainidealofthenews.ThereisnodoubtthatEnglishnewsheadlinetranslationcoursebecomeanimportantchanneltocommunicatewithone.Atthesametime,newsheadlineasthesoulofnews,itstranslationisalwayshasthegreatsignificance.Intheprocessofnewstranslation,thetranslatorshouldpayspecialattentiontonewsheadline.Becausetimeissopreciousinmodernsocietythatpeoplecannotbepatientenoughtogooverallnewsdetails.Inordertoattractreaders,newseditorsadoptmanytacticstomaketheirnewsheadlinesmuchmoreattractive.Withregardtothetranslationoftheheadlinesoftranslation.InChina,therearemanyscholarshavebeenstudieditsfeatures.Pioneersinthisfield,forexample,LiuMiqing(刘宓庆)刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司，1986.，XuMingwu(许明武)许明武.新闻英语与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.张健.新闻英语文体与范文评析[M].上海外语教育出版社,1994.，ZhangJian(张健)etc.,havecontributedalottotheresearch.Eventhoughpeoplehaveagoodunderstandingoftheimportanceofnewsheadlinestranslation,thetranslationofnewsheadlinesarenoteasy.Inordertocatchthereader’seyes,newstranslatorsmayadoptmanytranslationstrategiesandmethodstomaketheirnewsheadlinesmuchconciseandperfect.1.2ThesignificanceoftheresearchAsanimportantpartofnewsheadlines,afterlong-termdevelopment,newsheadlineshasgraduallyemergedinmanyfamiliesandformedauniquestyle,itisdifferentwithtraditionaltranslationinphrasing,breakstherulesingrammar.Indispensableposition,thepositionoftheheadlineandthetranslationofnewsheadlineshavegreatsignificance.Thenintheperspectivetranslationofnewsheadlinescanenhancepeople’sperceptionsofthetwokindsofcultureusingflexibletranslationstrategiesinordertoachievethesignificanceoftranslationstudies.Althoughforeigncountriescollectmaterialsandwriteastorydirectlytoreportwhatisontothereaders,itisfarfromenoughtomeetthereaders’growingneedfor theinformationabouttheworld’shappeningtomajornewsmediainChinarecently.Inadditiontothis,ChineselocalmediahavetotransmitinformationforoverseasreaderstoimproveChina’sinternationalimagebymeansofnewsreporting.Withthefastandefficienttranslatingofglobalnewsintoseverallanguages,itiseasythatreaders,whospeakingdifferentlanguagescanthroughthebarrieroftimeandspace;enjoytheupdatedinformationnearlysynchronicallyintheworld.Asallessentialelementsofanewsreport,aheadline’sintentionistotellthereadersandshareinformationaboutwhatishappeningintheworld,remindthereaders’imaginationandmakethereaderspaymoreattentiontoreadthefollowingnewswiththeabsolutegoaltoimproveunderstandingforeachother.Sonewsheadlinestranslationprovidesacommunicationinpolitics,economy,culturesandideaseffectivelyamongdifferentcountries.Besides,ithelpsreaderswithdifferentlanguagestolearnmorefromeachother.1.3PurposeoftheresearchHeadlinesarethebasicelementsofanynews,theyshowupwhichinancondensedwaytoarousereaders’interest.Thelinguisticfeaturesoftheheadlinesaredifferentfromothergenresofnews.Therefore,newsheadlinesareusuallytreatedasaspecialkindofform.Lotsofscholarshavebeeninvolvedinthestudyofthenewsheadlinesforlongtime,andmanyscholars’studiesprovetobeusefulinthisfiled.Atpresent,sometranslatorshavesetaboutsomerelatedresearchesresults.TotranslateEnglishnewsheadlinesintoChinesebasicallyforoffertheinformationtoChinesereaders,inordertobroadenmutualunderstanding,andimproveculturalcommunicationbetweennations.Thisthesisappliestranslafetologytotranslatenewsheadlinesfromaspecialperspective.Itaimstomakethebestadvantageofthistheorytotranslatenewsheadlines.Specificallyspeaking,itmainlyresearchsometranslationstrategiesbasedonthenewsheadlinesofEnglishreaders,soastobroadenmutualunderstanding,andimproveinterculturalcommunicationbetweennations.Withtheguidanceofthispurpose,thetranslatorsshouldadoptproperwaystomakeafunctionaltranslatedtextbyselectingcertaininformationfromthesourcetextandcreatetheinformationundertheTranslafectologytoachieveagreatpositiveinfluence.ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.1TheResearchatAbroadInanearlytime,whensomeoverseasscholarsrealizedthatthestyleofnewsheadlines aredistinctfromthestylesofthecommonsentences,theyadvocatednewsheadlinestranslationstudy,andinspectedthedisciplinesofnewsheadlinestranslationfrommanydifferent.R.M.KSinha(2006)R.M.KSinha.TranslatingNewsHeadlinesfromEnglishtoHindi[J].2006.fromIndiacontributetothenewsheadlinetranslationfromEnglishtoHindibywritinganarticleTranslatingNewsHeadingsfromEnglishtoHindi,hecomeupwithsomestrategiestosolvethequestionsoftranslatingnewsheadlinesfromEnglishtoHindi.Thestrategydividednewsheadlinesintoalotofclassesandprovidessomecriterionsfortranslators.SothetranslatorshouldconcernthetensetransformationandotherissueswhentheytranslatetheEnglishnewsheadlinesintotheIndiaones.Afterthetranslatorknowthemainmeaningofthetext,newsheadlinesmakefulluseofintertextualreference.Ennishasitsspecialpointofview.HestudiedtranslationfromEnglishtoSpanishandtriedtofindoutthepossiblemodulationsfortranslator.Somescholarsconcentratedonthenewsheadlinetranslationfromtheangleofmachinetranslation.ThemostfamousareTakehikoTakehiko,Yoshimi&Ichiko,Sata."ImprovementofTranslationQualityofEnglishNewsHeadlinesbyAutomaticPreediting"[J].MachineTranslation,1999(7):496-500YoshimiandIchikoSatawroteanarticleaboutthenewsheadlinesbetweenJapaneseandEnglish.Theytriedtosolvethisproblembyputforwardasolutiontoaddto“anexistingsystemapre-editingmodulewhichrewritestheheadlinestoordinaryexpressions.”(Takehiko＆Ichiko,1999:496).Thisarticleistalkingabouttheverb“be”’splaceinthenewsheadlines.Itisdifficulttoimplementmachinetranslationsuccessfully.Becausenewsheadlinesareoftenintermittentandshortofcoherentininformation,theyuseacronymsandabbreviationsofpropernamesfrequently.DigantaSahaandSivajiBandyopadhyay(2005)showanexampletotranslatenewsheadlinesfromEnglishtoBengalionthebasisofmachinetranslation.TheinputheadlinesareliableintheGeneralizedlabelExampleBaseandDirectExampleBase.MostlytheinputheadlinesaresoughtintheDirectExampleBase.Ifitcannotbelookedout,theinputheadlinesarelabeledandthelabeledheadlinesarefoundintheGeneralizedLabeledExampleBase.Inthesameway,SivajiBandyopadhyay(2001)wroteAnExampleBasedMTSysteminNewsBemsDomainfromEnglishtoIndianLanguagestopresentaresearchprogrammedona“KnowledgeDrivenGeneralizedExample-BasedMachineTranslationSystemFromEnglishtoIndianLanguages”onthebasisofaprototypeofasimilarsystem,whichthetranslationbetweenEnglishandBengalihasbeendeveloped.Bandyopadhyaysuggestedthemachinetranslationinthenewsfield,KnowledgebasesandExamplestructuresareusedtothenewsheadlinestranslation.2.2TheResearchatHomeOnlyfewdomesticscholarsandresearchersputforwardafewstrategiestothenews headline.Sodomesticscholarspayinadequateattentioninthisfield.Itcanbesaidthattheinclinationhasbeenobtainedfromtwomainstrend.Foronething,somescholarsstartthestudiesfromtheangleoftranslatingrequirementinjournalism;foranother,somelinguisticscholarssearchthesubjectfromtheangleoftranslationstudiesandcross-culturalcommunication.Itcanbesaidthattheimpulsehasbeenincludetwomainaspects.Ontheonehand,somescholarsstarttheresearchesfromtheperspectiveinjournalism,ontheotherhand,somelinguisticscholarsfromtheperspectiveoftranslationstudiesandcross-culturalcommunication.Asfarasthepreviousscholars,GaoShukaistudiesthenewsheadlinetranslationfromtheperspectiveofjournalism.Atfirst,heanalyzesthreevitalfunctionsofnewsheadlines;theyaresummarizingthenews,attractingreadersandbeautifyingnewspaper.Whenthetranslatorsaretranslatingthenews,theymusttakethesefactorsintoconsideration.Aftertheinvestigationfromthejournalisticangle,theauthorexplorestheprinciplesfortranslatingnewsheadlines,andputforwardtheconciseandexquisitetranslation.XuJu(1999)studiesthestrategiesforthetranslatorstokeepthebeauty-appreciationfunctionandinformationfunctionofnewsheadlinestogether.Otherdomesticscholarsdoresearchmainlyfromthetriangleoflanguage,linguisticandculturehasbeenbecomeanimportantfactorinthesourcenewsheadline.ChenHaodongandWangYing(2002)researchesstudiesEnglishtranslationintoChinesefromtheperspectiveofculturel.ShenZhihediscussEnglishnewsheadline’scharacteristicsbyanglicizingsevenaspects,theyareacronyms,participlesexpeegesis,infinitives,modifiers,punctuationandproposessometranslatingmethodsforeverycategory.TuXiaojin(2003),LinLin(2004)andLiuYi(2006)makeaexpandanalysisofallkindsofrhetoricaldevicesinnewsheadlines.ZengWenhua,LiuPingandZhuZhengzheng(2004)studythefeaturesofrhetoricaldevices,ellipsisandthelexiconofnewsheadlines.Theyalsoproposethetranslatingstrategiesforuntranslatableitemsintranslatingthenewsheadlines.Theyfindoutthedifferencesbothinthelinguisticandextra-linguisticarebetweenthetwocultures,andlookforthesolutiontosomeuntranslatableitems.Andstillsomeotherscholarsstudynewsheadlinetranslation.Forinstance,LiYongstudiesthenewsheadlinetranslationfromEnglishtoChinesethroughrefertocommunicativetranslationandsemantictheorytranslationhaveputforwardbyPeterNewmarktostudythenewsheadlinestranslationfromEnglishtoChinese.Hisaimisinsearchofusefulwaystoexactlyconveyinformationwhilekeepingthecreatingandculturalfeaturesoforiginalheadlinesasmuchaspossiblefromtheangleofcommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslation.Thenewsheadlinesplayaroleofgeneralizingandsummarizingofthenews.Anewsheadlineasatitlecomparedwithotherusualsentencesinthenewshassomedistinctivefeatures.Inthereaders’position,newsheadlinesconductasasigntotellthenewsbythe headlineitself.Althoughthenewsheadlinestranslationplayagreatimportantinpresstranslation,itseemsthatthestudyofnewsheadlinestranslationisnotenoughandneedaextraexploringbothathomeandabroad.2.3TheOriginofTranslafectologyanditsDevelopment.Translafectology,whichiscombinedbytwowords---translationand“effectology”whichisalsoanewcoinedone,obviouslycomesfrom“effect”.Thus,anewconceptcomesintobeing.Thepurposetheauthorputsforward“Translafectology”istoendeavortointegratevarioustranslationtheorieswhichalwayscontradictwitheachother.Fromtheangleofphilosophicalexplanation,Effectmeansakindofsocialandculturalphenomenon,namely,anindividualoccurrenceleadstocertainsocialorculturalimpactincertainplaceandatcertaintime.Atpresent,theconceptoftheword“Effect”iswidelyusedinmanysubjectsaswellasdailylife,anditsmeaninghasbeenextendedto“certainreflectionsarousedbycertainpersons’wordsanddeedsorcertainoccurrences.”suchas“GreenhouseEffect”,“SocialEffect”,“AdvertisementEffect”,and“PsychologicalEffect”,etc.ThephilosophicalexplanationofEffect:Itmeansakindofsocialandculturalphenomenon;namely,anindividualoccurrenceleadstocertainsocialorculturalimpactincertainplaceandatcertaintime.Atpresent,theconceptoftheword“Effect”iswidelyusedinmanysubjectsaswellasdailylife,anditsmeaninghasbeenextendedto“certainreflectionsarousedbycertainpersons’wordsanddeedsorcertainoccurrences.”suchas“GreenhouseEffect”,“SocialEffect”,“AdvertisementEffect”,and“PsychologicalEffect”,etc.Thiskindofimpactorresultmaycontinueforashortorlongperiodoftime,presentingclearorvague,positiveornegative,grayorbright.Inthisperspective,Translafectologyisusedtoexplorethelawofmatters’occurrence,developmentandchanges.ThefirstpaperonTranslafectologyin1988“ADiscussionontheIntroductionofForeignCulturetoChinaandTheirInfluenceoverChineseCulture:ViewsfromtheangleoftheHistoryofTranslation.”“CultureEffectofTranslation”wasfiresputforwardintheGraduationThesisforInstitutionofChineseCulture:AnexploratorystudyonthescienceofTranslationEffect”in2001.Andauniversityresearchtopic“AseriesofResearchesontheScienceofTranslationEffect”in2003andwashighlypraised“aresearchtopicoforiginalvalue”byexpertin2006whenitcametoaconclusion.“StudiesonthescienceofTranslationEffect”wasrecommendedaquestionfordiscussionin2005byXinjiangsocialscienceprogrammingoffice.Theidealof“ThescienceofTranslationEffect”waspaidmuchattentionbyexpertsforitsnoveltywhen“The12thSeminarofNationalScientificTranslation”washeldinUrumqiinJuly,2006.Takinginchargeof“StudiesontheScienceofTranslationEffect,”aresearchsubjectofhumanitiesapprovedbyMinistryofEducationinDecember2008and“AComparativeStudyonChineseandWesternCulture:ViewsfromtheTranslationEffect,”a researchtopicapprovedbyChangjiUniversityinJune,2008.Uptonowmorethan10papershavebeenpublished,twoofwhichwereawardedthethirdprize.Translafectologyhastwomajorconcepts:Translafectologyinnarrowsenseormicrotranslafectology,translafectologyinbroadsenseormacrotranslafectology.2.4TheConceptsofTranslafectology.2.4.1MicrotranslafectologyTranslafectologyinnarrowsenseormicrotranslafectology.Itistheontologyoftranslationstudies,andbelongstointernalresearch.Ithasthreemeanings,namely,①researchonthehistoryoftranslation,mainly,ChinaandtheWest;②reaearchontranslationcriticism,namely,checkingthequalityofthetranslationfromthetranslationcourse,theresultandtheangleoftargetlanguage’sreaders;③researchontranslationstrategy,namely,adoptingdifferenttranslationstrategiesaccordingtodifferentreaders,backgroundoftimes,readingpurposesandfieldsoftranslation.2.4.2MacrotranslafectologyTranslafectologyinbroadsenseormacrotranslafectology.Itistheapplicationandimpactoftranslation,mainlyexploringtheall-angleinfluencesoftranslatedtextsoverthetargetlanguagecountriesandtheirreadersfromtheperspectivesofculture,societyandpolitics.Itisthemacroscopicresearchoftranslation,andalsobelongstoexternalresearchoftranslation.2.5StrategiesofTranslafectology2.5.1SyntacticLinearityThesocalledSyntacticLinearityisabasicaccordingtothesequenceofsentencesintheoriginalwillbeformthesubjectofEnglishsentencecontainingittranslatedintoChinesewithoutthemainclause.Thefollowing刘瑞强.贺继宗.翻译效应学的范畴[J].新疆师范大学学报,2005severalconditionscanuseSyntacticLinearity:1.Whentherehavemultiplerepresentationstiedcoherentactionverb,EnglishandChineseactionsoccuroftenarrangethewordsasthesequenceofactionhappens.2.AdverbialclausesinEnglishinordertoemphasizefirstandprepositionalphraseinthesentence,adverbphrases,participlephrase,consistingof“gerund+preposition”prioritizethestructure,Accordingtothetworules,therearesomeexamples:[1].Shehadspentasleeplessnight,andrisingearly,hadstood,wrappedup,atherwindow,withthecoolerairblowingonherface,towatchthedawn.她一夜无眠，早早起身，披上毯子，迎着拂面的凉风，凭窗眺望黎明。 BothChineseandEnglishhavesameorderwhentherehavemultiplecoherentactionparallel,usetheSyntacticLinearity.[2].So,aswellasbeingoverworked,adetectivehastobeoutallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthem,usuallyagainsttheirownbestinterest,tohelpthem.所以除了过度操劳外，警探还需没日没夜地整天在外面找证人谈话，劝住他们往往是要说服他们违背自身地利益来帮助他办案。Inthissentence,mainsectionis“adetectivehastobeoutallhoursofthedayandnight”,thereisparticiplephraseandprepositionphrase.[3].ThisisnonsensebutwithitorgansofthepopularPressplayedupontheemotionsoftheirreaderssosuccessfullythatmanycandidatesforParliamentwereafraidtosupportabolitionforfearoflosingvotesandtheresultwasthemuddle-headedHomicideActof1957whichmademurderwithrobberyacapitalcrimeandallowedtheprisonertoescapethegallows.这是无稽之谈，但是对他来说，流行新闻出版机构如此成功地利用他们读者的情绪，以至于很多议会的候选人不敢支持这种废除，因为他们害怕失去选票。结果是1957年的这项糊涂的法案将盗窃犯判为死刑，而使投毒者免于死刑。Inthissentence,accordingtotheoriginalorderofprimitivetobetranslatedintothetargetlanguageandifitisnecessary,wecanaddsomecoherentwords,suchas“and”.2.5.2InverseTranslationInversetranslationisnotinaccordancewiththeoriginalworldorderfortranslationmethods.Chinesenarrativeactionwhenactionisgenerallyintheorderofdevelopment,arranged,andEnglishinthenarrativeaction,inthemostsituations,usesallkindsofgrammaticalmeanstodisruptthesequenceofactions.Inthetranslationofsuchsentencesshouldbethetargetlanguageinaccordancewiththehabitofre-integrationsequenceofactions.Inversetranslationmethodsarecommonlyusedtotranslate“Syria”afterdiscussionfirstsentence.[1].ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIhadintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原打算一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。[2].Bothplantsandanimalsofmanysortsshowremarkablechangesinform,structure,growthhabits,andevenmodeofdifferentclimaticenvironment,typesoffoodssupply,ormodeofliving.在这逐渐适应不同气候环境、养料来源或生活方式的过程中，许多种类的动植物在外形、构造、生活习性甚至繁殖方式方面都发生了显著地变化。[3]IfeelthateverybookopensmeawindowthroughwhichIseeanunthinkablynewworldwhenthebooktellsmeaboutnever-heard-ofandnever-seencharacters,sentiment, ideasandattitudes.我觉得，这本书给我讲到闻所未闻、见所未见的人物、感情、思想和态度时，似乎是每一本书都在我面前打开了一扇窗户，让我看到了一个不可思议的新世界。Inthesethreeexamplesaretranslatedwordbyword,buttheyarealldisturbedtheirorder,andaddsomegrammars.Unlikethetraditionaltranslationrules.2.5.3CombinationTheso-calledcombinationreferstothetextintwoormorewordstogethertranslatedintooneworld,twoormoresimplesentencescombinationofasentence,oracompoundsentenceusingoneindoubtsinglesentencetoexpress.Generallyspeaking,theEnglishsentenceislongerthanChinesesentence.FromEnglishtoChinese,segmentationusesmore,butsomeoralsentencesareshort,too.SometimesfromEnglishtoChinesealsousecombination.[1].Thedoorwasunlocked.Shewentinsideandsatinastupor.Shewascollapse,barelyabletomoveherswollenfeet.门没锁上，她走了进去，呆呆的坐了下来，极度的衰弱使他几乎无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。[2].Ipulledupachairandsatdown.Isatwithmylegswideapartatfirst.Butthisstruckmeasbeingirreverentandtoofamiliar.Soaputmykeenstogetherandletmyhandsrestlooselyonthem.我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不太尊重，不太拘礼节，便把两膝合拢，把双手随便的放在膝盖上。（四句合一）[3].Someplayedsoccer,andothersplayedbasketball.踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。Inthesethreeexamples,theyallcombinetwosimilarwordsintoonewordandcombinetwosimplesentencetoonesentence.Afterusethecombination,tomaketheheadlinesmoreclearlyandorderliness.2.5.4DivisionIfwefollowtheoriginalsentencestructureintranslation,wemayfindithardtoreproducetheoriginalthought.Besidesotherwaystodealwiththesecases,wemaydividesuchasentenceintotwoormorepartsbypickingoutthosewords,phrases,orclauseswhichare“hardnutstocrack”andmakingthemintoChineseword-groups,clausesorsentences,coordinateorsubordinate.Indivision,wehavetodeterminewheretodivide,howtodivide,whatthesubjectorthepredicationofthenewclauseorsentenceshouldbe,andhowtorearrangevariouspartsoftheoriginalsentence.ThesemayinvolvesuchtechniquesasConversion,AdditionandInversion.[1].ItwasTim’s1995report,onAprilePazzo’sdiscoveryofastrangelittlemammalcalledthehotheadednakediceborerthatbecamethemostcelebratedhoaxatDiscovery. 1995年蒂姆报道，称爱普利尔.帕左发现一种名为热裸体钻冰虫的奇怪小哺乳动物，这成为《探索》杂志最著名的恶作剧。Emphasisisaseeminglysimplesentence,buttheemphasisonmorecomplexes,guidedwiththeprepositiononprepositionalphrase,andcalledthebackoftheattributiveclause.Ifweadoptthemethodofliteraltranslation,thenreportthemodifiertoomuchtomiscellaneous,sowecantakepointsandmethodsoftranslation,shortandlong.[2]CIC’sapproachtopropertyinvestment,forinstance,hasbeentoallyitselfwithexperiencedpartners,throughCanaryWharfGroup,onlong-termprojectsinthecontinent’smostdevelopedmarket.例如，在欧洲大陆最繁荣的市场里，CIC对一些房地产长期工程进行投资，采用的方法是联合一些像金丝雀房地产商等有经验的合作伙伴。Thelongandcomplicatedlongsentencesshortsplitintoanumberofrelativelysimplesentence,andtheintegrationofappropriateadjustment,ofasentencetranslationofthesentencethatusethismethod,thelogicalstructureisclear,thehabitofconformtoChinesereaders.2.6TheDefinitionofNewsHeadlineQuiteafewscholarsandbookshavedefinedthedefinitionofanewsheadline.Forinstance,accordingtoJoshuaHabershamJoshua,Habersham.AprolegomenonforatheoryofNews[M].1992:11inhisAprolegomenonforatheoryofNews.“Newsisaboutevents,notstates-of-affairs.Newsaimsatcurrentratherthanpastorfutureevents.Newsisthereportofanevent,nottheexperienceofanevent.”(Habersham,1992:11).AndW.LanceBennettclaimed,“Newsisusuallydefinedasinformationthatistimely,relevanttotheconcernsofitsaudience,andpresentedinaformthatiseasytograsp.”(Bennett,1983:125).ThedefinitionofnewscommonlyagreedonbyChinesepresscircleistheonegivenbyDinghy.Lugavethedefinitionofnewsas“thereportofnewlyhappenedfacts.”XuMingwudevelopedthedefinitionofnewsbyincludingthefactsgoingtohappenandcompleted“newsisthemosttimelyreportonfactsthathavehappenedarehappeningorwillhappen.”AccordingtoLongmanDictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage,“Headlineisaheadofanewspaperstoryorarticleusuallyprintedinlargetypeanddevisedtosummarizethestoryofarticlethatfollows.”Asmentionedabove,werealizedthatnewsheadlinesaredefiniteinthelightoftheirfunctionsandcharacteristics.Sotomakesurewecanbetterunderstandthedefinitionofnewsheadlines,weshouldknowthefunctionsofthenewsheadlinesinthefollowingpart.2.6.1CharacteristicsofNewsHeadlineNewsheadlinesasagreatimportantpositioninnewsheavesomecharacteristics,suchasomission,minorterms,acronyms,newswordsandpresenttense,etc.2.6.6.1Omission Toconcisepromentandcanarticulateinformation,newsheadlinestendtoomitsomelessimportantcomponents,suchasarticles,pronouns,verbs,auxiliaryverbs,etc.Herearesomeexamples.[1].It’snolonger‘me,me,me’:selfishoutlookvanisheswhenweturn33.人在33岁后开始变得无私。Inthissentence,‘me,me,me’usedtoemphasizeselfishpeopleinthesourcetext.Butitissorepetitiveifittranslatedinto“我，我，我”，sothetranslatoruseasuitablemethodtoabundantit.[2].FrancetoimposefattaxonsugarydrinkssuchasCoca-ColaandFanta.法国将向含糖软饮征“肥胖税”。Coca-ColaandFantaarecommondrinks,sopeopleisfamiliarwiththem,thereisunnecessarytranslatetheminto“可乐和芬达.2.6.6.2MinorTermsMinorTermsrefertothosewhoalwaysappearintheheadlineswithashortsyllableverboranoun,itistomakereaderseasiertounderstandtheeffectofnewsheadlines.Atthispoint,thetranslatorshouldbetofindcorrespondtothesewordsofChinese.Herearesomeexamples.[1].ReporterBacks.MethadoneforAddicts.(TheNewYorkTimes,1998).报道支持吸毒者使用美沙酮镇定剂。Here,theverb“back”isshorterthansynonym“support”,sotheEnglishNewsHeadlineschoosethefewerlettersinsteadofthelongervocabulary.[2].BorderlineInsanity.国境线上的疯狂。Inthissentence,“BorderlineInsanity”means“somethinginsanetookplaceinborderline”,buttheformersentenceisshorterthanlaterone.2.6.6.3AcronymsEnglishheadlinescommonlyusedacronymscannarrowspaceandcanattracttheattentionofreaders.Abbreviationsintheheadlinesaredividedintotwokinds,oneofistheacronyms,becauseattachgreatimportancetothenewswritingisconcise,phraseshouldbeasshortaspossible,thenewsstaffthroughalargenumberofdeletedtocreateshortterms.Theresultthereisalotofacronyms.Herearesomeexamples.[1].UNESCO:UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization.联合国教科文组织。[2].IMF:InternationalMonetaryFund.国际货币基金组织。[3].WHO:WorldHealthOrganization.世界卫生组织。 2.6.6.4NewWords.Withthecontinuouslyrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theexchangeofworldisdeepened,moreandmorenewnewswordsarecreatedintheworld.Inordertokeepclosewiththelife,sizethepulseofthetimeandattractthereader’sattention,newsreporterneedtocreativealotofwordstoadaptnewsocialaffairs,socialphenomena,socialthoughtandsocialpopularcustom.Herearesomeexamples;Internets,com,e-commerce,bio-chips,techno-millionaire,etc. ChapterThreeResearchMethodology3.1ResearchSubjectsR.M.KSinha(2006)R.M.KSinha.TranslatingNewsHeadlinesfromEnglishtoHindi[J].2006.fromIndiacontributetothenewsheadlinetranslationfromEnglishtoHindibywritinganarticleTranslatingNewsHeadingsfromEnglishtoHindi,hecomeupwithsomestrategiestosolvethequestionsoftranslatingnewsheadlinesfromEnglishtoHindi.Thestrategydividednewsheadlinesintoalotofclassesandprovidessomecriterionsfortranslators.SothetranslatorshouldconcernthetensetransformationandotherissueswhentheytranslatetheEnglishnewsheadlinesintotheIndiaones.Afterthetranslatorknowthemainmeaningofthetext,newsheadlinesmakefulluseofintertextualreference.Ennishasitsspecialpointofview.HestudiedtranslationfromEnglishtoSpanishandtriedtofindoutthepossiblemodulationsfortranslator.Somescholarsconcentratedonthenewsheadlinetranslationfromtheangleofmachinetranslation.ThemostfamousareTakehikoTakehiko,Yoshimi&Ichiko,Sata."ImprovementofTranslationQualityofEnglishNewsHeadlinesbyAutomaticPreediting"[J].MachineTranslation,1999(7):496-500YoshimiandIchikoSatawroteanarticleaboutthenewsheadlinesbetweenJapaneseandEnglish.Theytriedtosolvethisproblembyputforwardasolutiontoaddto“anexistingsystemapre-editingmodulewhichrewritestheheadlinestoordinaryexpressions.”(Takehiko＆Ichiko,1999:496).Thisarticleistalkingabouttheverb“be”’splaceinthenewsheadlines.Itisdifficulttoimplementmachinetranslationsuccessfully.Becausenewsheadlinesareoftenintermittentandshortofcoherentininformation,theyuseacronymsandabbreviationsofpropernamesfrequently.3.2ResearchquestionsWithintherelevancetheoreticframework,thegoodtranslationofnewsheadlineisonethathelpsthereaderincreasethemaximalquantityofcontextualeffectfortheminimalamountofprocessingefforts,thatistosay,thesmallestcognitiveinvestment.Newsheadlineisaparticularproblem,withtheguideoftranslafectology,accordingtoitstranslationskillsandtranslationrulesandreferencetoChinesenewsheadlines,syntacticlinearity,inversetranslation,combination,division,andthesetranslationmethodscanmakethenewsheadlinesmoreconcise.Asamatteroffact,thesourcetextisnottheonlystandardinthenewstranslationanymore.Furthermore,therearemanydifferencesincustoms,culture,socialandthewaysofthinking.Greatcontradictionsexistbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Sotoovercomethesedifficultiesarenoteasy.Therearethreequestionsaboutthetopicdiscussedinthispart:1.HowtoapplytheTranslafectologytoEnglishnewsheadlines? 1.Theevaluationprinciplesofexcellenteffect,goodeffect.2.WhatthefactorsimpactonEnglishnewsheadlines?3.3Instruments1.Literaturestudymethod:AccesstolearnTranslafectologybroadlycomparedwiththedataanalysisofloanwordstranslation,alargecollectionofinstancesofloanwordstranslation,andtranslationfromthecharacteristics,principles,policies,etc.Detailedresearchformsthebasicideaofthispaper.2.Qualitativeanalysis:onthebasisofpredecessors'experienceandsubjectivejudgmentandanalysisability,deducethenatureofthetranslationtheoryofeffectanddevelopmenttrendoftheloanwordtranslationnewresultsintheinfluenceofTranslafectology,maketheexistingtranslationtheoriesasaguide,toprobeintotheexistingexperiencetheoryusingthenewmethods,strategies,itisconcludednewresearchresults.3.Casemethod:collectingEnglishnewsheadlinestranslationofdifferentcases,fromtwoaspectsofnewsheadlinesextensionandtransversecomparisonwillmakeananalysiscaseinnature,andconnectingwiththeeffectoftranslationtheoryandtranslationofcommunication,acceptability,similarityandMeaningTransferencestrategiesforresearch.Combiningtheabovemethods,puttheTranslafectologystudiesandtranslationthreeprinciplesintheactualcaseanalysis,thecombinationoftheoryandpractice,willimprovetheobjectivereliabilityforthearticle. ChapterFourCasesAnalysisintermsofTranslafectologyHeadlinesareuniquecomponentsofnews,sotheheadlinesoftranslationwillnotmakesensewithouttherelevantknowledgeonnewstranslation.Anup-closelookatnewstranslationwillhelptheauthor’ssubsequentresearches.AccordingtoprofessorHuangZhongliansaid,“thesocalled‘translationvariation’,refertothetranslatorbasedonthespecificconditionsalternativemeansofspecialneedsundertheconditionsoftheuseofcertainreadersincrease,decrease,compile,narrate,shrink,combine,changeandsomeothermethodstogetsometranslationactivityaboutnativework’s.Sotherearesometranslationskills,indifferentcircumstancecanadoptdifferenttranslationskills.4.1CaseswithExcellentEffectEnglishnewsheadlinehasfourspeciallanguagefeatures,theyareuniquesyntax(独特的语法),thevocabularyofchic(别致的词汇)，vividrhetorical(生动的修辞)andthereforetheallusions(精当的典故).Englishnewsheadlinespecialgrammarsmainlyontheomissionandtense[1]VictoriaBeckhamgivesbirthtogirl维多利亚产女小贝喜得千金[2011-07-1115:40]http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/news/2011-07/11/content_12873173.htmThesourcetexttranslatedinto“维多利亚产女小贝喜得千金”isanantithesis.Thetranslatortakesthelinguisticfactorintoconsideration,andadoptsaparticulartranslationmethod.Thisnewsheadlineisveryattractivewhenwelookatitinthefirstsight,anditmayleaveadeepimpressiontothereaders.[2]Murdochfacescallsforbreak-upofmediaempire默多克四面楚歌传媒帝国或遭瓦解[2011-07-1909:05]http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/news/2011-07/19/content_12930414.htm[3]Beautyreallyisintheeyeofthebeholder:Yourotherhalf'snotasattractiveasyouthink研究证实“情人眼里出西施”有道理[2011-08-0908:33]http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/news/2011-08/09/content_13073970.htmChinaisacountrywhichhas5000yearshistory,inChinesehistory,“四面楚歌,情人眼里出西施”areidiomsinChina.TheauthorbasedontheChineseculture,andtranslatedtheminaveryperfectway.4.2CaseswithGoodEffect Goodeffectmeansintranslation,especiallyonnewheadlinetranslationwithoutsyntax(独特的语法),thevocabularyofchic(别致的词汇)，vividrhetorical(生动的修辞)andthereforetheallusions(精当的典故),itjusthasseveralrhetoric,suchascontrast,metaphor.Althoughtheyaresimplerhetoric,itcanexpressthemeaningofnewsheadlineexactly.Therearesomeexamples:(1)Saturatednorth，scorchedsouth 北涝南旱Thisarticleisabouttheweatherconditionsatthattime,accordingtothenationalmeteorologicalcenterreportedthatoverthenexttwoorthreedays,floodinginthenorthernwillcontinuetorain,thesouthofthedroughtcontinuedtohightemperature.Headlinesconcise,headandtailrhymeword,thecomparisonisverysharp.(2)Abbas：Backmeorsackme阿巴斯称：要么支持我，要么解雇我ThistitlewasthefirstprimeministerMahmoudAbbasstrivetogainmorerightsfromArafat,topromotetheUnitedStatessupportedthepeaceprocesswithIsraelonPalestinelawmakerssayaword.Thebalancestructureisusedinthetitlebacktwoverbsandsack,rhyming,notonlymeanandonthecontrary,instarkcontrast.(3)Oldmanguardskingoftrees 老人看守树中王ThisnewsisreportedanChineseoldmaninZheJiangprovinceTaiShuna80yearsoldmanhowtonurseanoldtreeinthevillage.Theheadlineusemetaphor,comparedtheoldmantoShuWang,itmeansthetreeisverytallandstrong.ChapterFiveFactorsImpactingonNewsHeadlinesTranslationWiththefastdevelopmentofworld’seconomyandsociety,therequirementofinformationbecomemoreandmoreimportant;weneedtocommunicatewithothercountries.Themostimportantimportantisreliesontranslationduetodifferentpeoplefromdifferent countriesusingdifferentlanguages.InordertohelpChinaknowmoreaboutothercountries,newsheadline’stranslationisoneofthemosteffectiveways.Sincenewsheadlinestranslationhasbeenlookedasunprecedented,manyforeignandChinesescholarshavecontributedthemonthisresearch;itisalsohelpfultomakethequalityofnewsheadlinestranslationmoreconcise.Becauseofthereadersreadthenewsmorecarefulinsteadofskimming,thetranslationofnewsheadlinesbecomesprettyimportantwhenthetranslatordosomenewstranslation.Becausethenewshasitsdifferentfeatures,andtherearesomelinguisticdifferences,thetranslationofnewshasitsownprinciples.Therefore,theauthorthinkthattheremusthavesomeusefulspecialwaysusedtosureaneffectivecommunicationwiththereadersandaudiences.Thefunctionalapproachisappropriatetoetheleadingtheoryofthetranslationofthisgenre,becauseitishighlightstheroleofreadersandaudiences.Withintherelevancetheoreticframework,thegoodtranslationofnewsheadlineisonethathelpsthereaderincreasethemaximalquantityofcontextualeffectfortheminimalamountofprocessingefforts,thatistosay,thesmallestcognitiveinvestment.Newsheadlineisaparticularproblem,withtheguideoftranslafectology,accordingtoitstranslationskillsandtranslationrulesandreferencetoChinesenewsheadlines,syntacticlinearity,inversetranslation,combination,division,andthesetranslationmethodscanmakethenewsheadlinesmoreconcise.Asamatteroffact,thesourcetextisnottheonlystandardinthenewstranslationanymore.Furthermore,therearemanydifferencesincustoms,culture,socialandthewaysofthinking.Greatcontradictionsexistbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Sotoovercomethesedifficultiesarenoteasy.5.1FactorsImpactingonNewsHeadlinesTranslation.5.1.1LinguisticFactor.TheChineselanguagebelongstotheSino-Tibetanfamily,whiletheEnglishlanguagebelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamily.Eventhoughtheyhavesomecommonfeatures,thedifferencesbetweenthepretensegreatdifficultiesintheexchange.Alllanguagesareinfluencedbytheirownhistory,culturebackgroundandhumanityandsoon.Therefore,differencestrulyexistinlanguagebackgrounds,thinkingpatterns,expressingwaysandstructuresbetweendifferentlanguagesanddialectespeciallyinthosefromdifferentlanguagefamilies.Sothatiswhysometimesitisdifficult,evenimpossibletotranslateonelanguageintoanother.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcanbeseenfromform,meaning,andphonetics.Chineseisaboostofthelanguages,whichisbasedonsyllableswithfourtones.WhileEnglishisaninternationalone,whichisbasedonstressestoformitsrhythm,talkingabouttheform,Englishwordscomposedbyanyofthe26letters,whileChinesewordsare formedbytypescript.Initscalligraphy,theChinesecharacterisacombinationofsound,meaningandpicture,whichconsistsofsuchstrokesashorizontalbars,verticalbars,slantingstrokes,dots,squaresandtwists.Chinesecharacters’formandphonetics,anditsowngrammarandmorphologymakethetranslationofmeaningcomplicated.ThetransferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinvolvesmorecomplicatedworkbecauseoftheirbelongingtothespellinglanguageandtheideographiclanguagerespectively.EnglishhasalargevocabularyforitborrowsmanywordsfromLatin,French,Greek,HindiandChinese,etc.Moreover,thenativespeakersalwaysusesubstitutionsorchangethesentencestructures.Onthecontrary,Chineseisrelativelyunchangeableforithasspecificstrokesandconstructionparts.Inaddition,thevocabularyismorelimitedwithsomedeep-rootedidiomswhichderivedfromhistoricalevents.AllthesefactorsformedalinguisticbarrierbetweenChineseandEnglish,sothetranslatorsshouldpayseriousconsiderationduringthetranslation.5.1.2CultureFactorThereissomeconnectionbetweencultureandsoftnewstranslation.Howdoesiteffectthesoftnewstranslation?Differingfromtheharddatafrommeasurableissues,cultureisslimyandsoft.Peoplecannotreallygraspcultureintheirhandsandcomprehendwhattheyhavegot.Cultureisanextremelycomplicateconceptwithtremendoussubject.Itincludesalmosteverythinginspiritual,materialandtheworld.Itcontainsalltheproductsofmanufacture,varioussystemsandthetheoriesthatsupportthem,suchaskinshipsystems,educationalsystems,ritualsystems,religioussystems,socialsystems,andlanguage,people’smentalityandbehaviors,theirthoughtpatterns,conceptionsofvalue,beliefs,etc.Asamatteroffact,thetranslationofonelanguageintoanotherisfarcomplicatedthanthisdefinition.Mostpeopleassumethataslongasthetranslatorusesagoodbilingualdictionary,wordsinonelanguagecanbepreciselytranslatedintoanotherlanguage.Unluckily,thetranslationoflanguagesisnotsodirectandeasy.Translationisadisciplinethatinvolvesnotonlystructuralandtechnicaltranspositionsfromonelanguagetoanother,butitisalsotiedtoseveralotherareasofhumanknowledgeasinterculturalcommunication.Translation’sdomainisnotonlyregardedasuniversalstudybutitalsodwellsonthedifferencesamongdifferentcultures.Differencesletpeopleapart,membersofdifferentculturesintheworldlookdifferently.Communicationiscomplicated.Aftertheculturaldimensionsareadded,communicationbecomesevenmorecomplicated.Thoughallculturesusesymbolstosharetheirrealities,thespecificrealitiesandsymbolsemployedareverydifferent.Inoneculture,theanimal“dog”isanadorablepet,butinanothercultureitmaybeabadthing.However,sometimespeopleoftentreatallofthemalike.Thiskindofsubjectivemethodcanleadtobigtroubles.“Whatthetranslatorhandlesistheindividualword,whilewhathefacesistwocultures”(GuoJianzhong,2000:3).Sotranslatorsmustthinkofthisfactwhentheyaredoingthetranslationofsoftnews. Theuseoflanguageshouldneverneglecttheinnateconnectionsbetweenlanguageandculturewhenthetranslatordoessometranslationworkofthenews.Translatorsshouldalwayspayseriousattentiontotheculturaldifferenceswhentheyusethelanguageforthetranslationofsoftnews.Thepropagandaofnewsistowardreadersandaudiences,sothetranslatorsshouldfollowtheappetiteofthemandtreatthemasthecenter.Inordertodoso,thetranslatorsshouldstudythepsychologicalstatusoftargetculture,targetbackground,targetreadersoraudiences,etc. ChapterSixInterpretationandConclusion6.1MajorFindingsTherearemanystudiesonthetranslationofEnglishnewsheadline,butusingtheTranslafectologytostudytranslationisnotmuch.Forthereasonmentioned,theauthortriestofindoutsomeproperstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofassociateprofessorofLiuRuiqiang’stranslafectology.Translafectologyfromtheperspectiveofcommunication,aestheticsreception,stylistics,comparativeandculturologytodiscussitsproperty,process,objective,principal,criterionmethod,positiveandnegativeeffectandthebestwayoftranslation.Aftertheresearch,thethreequestionsaboutthetopicdiscussedhavebeensolution.ManyEnglishnewsheadlinesaresuitableforTranslatologyandtheauthordividestheseexamplesintotwoeffects,theyareexcellenteffectandgoodeffect.Ofcourse,theevaluationprincipalsofexcellenteffectandgoodeffectfromseveralaspects.Forexample,goodeffectmeansintranslation,especiallyonnewheadlinetranslationwithoutsyntax(独特的语法),thevocabularyofchic(别致的词汇)，vividrhetorical(生动的修辞)andthereforetheallusions(精当的典故),itjusthasseveralrhetoric,suchascontrast,metaphor.Althoughtheyaresimplerhetoric,itcanexpressthemeaningofnewsheadlineexactlyandexcellenteffectmeansEnglishnewsheadlinehasfourspeciallanguagefeatures,theyareuniquesyntax(独特的语法),thevocabularyofchic(别致的词汇)，vividrhetorical(生动的修辞)andthereforetheallusions(精当的典故).Englishnewsheadlinespecialgrammarsmainlyontheomissionandtense.Atlast,afterresearchtherearetwomainlyimpactingfactors,linguisticfactorandculturefactor.6.2LimitationsBecausethenewshasitsdifferentfeatures,andtherearesomelinguisticdifferences,thetranslationofnewshasitsownprinciples.Therefore,theauthorthinkthattheremusthavesomeusefulspecialwaysusedtosureaneffectivecommunicationwiththereadersandaudiences.Thefunctionalapproachisappropriatetoetheleadingtheoryofthetranslationofthisgenre,becauseitishighlightstheroleofreadersandaudiences.Withintherelevancetheoreticframework,thegoodtranslationofnewsheadlineisonethathelpsthereaderincreasethemaximalquantityofcontextualeffectfortheminimalamountofprocessingefforts,thatistosay,thesmallestcognitiveinvestment.Newsheadlineisaparticularproblem,withtheguideoftranslafectology,accordingtoitstranslationskillsandtranslationrulesandreferencetoChinesenewsheadlines,syntacticlinearity,inversetranslation,combination,division,andthesetranslationmethodscanmakethenewsheadlinesmoreconcise.Asamatteroffact,thesourcetextisnottheonlystandardinthenewstranslationanymore. Furthermore,therearemanydifferencesincustoms,culture,socialandthewaysofthinking.Greatcontradictionsexistbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Sotoovercomethesedifficultiesarenoteasy.6.3FutureResearchThistopicresearchgoalliesinthroughthetranslationeffecttheoryundertheperspectiveofEnglishnewsheadlinestranslationstrategyanalysis,canbetterandmoreaccuratetranslationofthenewsheadlines,faithfultotheoriginaltextandthereader.Atthesametimethroughthetheoryoftranslationeffectundertheperspectiveofnewsheadlinestranslationstrategies,thispapermakestheconceptoftranslationeffecttheory,namely,respectthereadersbeyondtheoriginal,asgoodasitgets.Atranslator,isnotonlyarules-based,andabletoclearthesignificanceoftheimplementationofthetranslation,translationeffect,whethertheeconomiceffect、culturaleffectorsocialeffect,shouldbeabletoachievethepurposeoftranslation,andthetargetlanguageshouldbesimilarityinstructureorgrammar,themostimportantisthatitcanbeacceptedbypeople,thisisreallyfinishedthetranslation.Butintheprocessoftranslationcanwefoundthatduetothelimitationofwords,thelimitationoftheabilityofthetranslator,translationcanbejustfineorbad,forthiskindofsituation,wemustadoptcertainstandardtomeasureandevolution.Althoughsomeloanwordshasbeenreplacedbymoreaccuratetranslations,butconsideringthesereplacedloanwordshasbeenusedhabituallyinthelonghistory.References[1]Joshua,Habersham.AprolegomenonforatheoryofNews[M].1992:11.[2]Munday,Jeremy.IntroducingTranslationStudies:TheoriesandApplications[M].LondonandNewYork:Rouledge,2001. [3]Mencher,Melvin,NewsReportingandWriting[M].Browner＆BenchmarkPublishers,1994.[4]Nord,Christiane.TranslatingasaPurposefulActivity[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.[5]R.M.KSinha.TranslatingNewsHeadlinesfromEnglishtoHindi[J].2006.[6]Stone,Gernald,Newswriting[M].NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,1992.[7]Takehiko,Yoshimi&Ichiko,Sata."ImprovementofTranslationQualityofEnglishNewsHeadlinesbyAutomaticPreediting"[J].MachineTranslation,1999(7):496-500[8]VanDijk.T.A.NewsAnalysis[M].NewJercey:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,1988.[9]Vermeer,H.J.SkoposandTranslationCommission[M].Heidelberg:University,198[10]刘瑞强.贺继宗.翻译效应学的范畴[J].新疆师范大学学报,2005.[11]陆国强.现代英语研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1997.[12]刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司，1986.[13]许明武.新闻英语与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.[14]周学艺.美英报刊文章[J].北京:北京大学出版社,1997,(1).[15]张健.新闻英语文体与范文评析[M].上海外语教育出版社,1994.[16]张全义.实用新闻英语[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社，2005.[17]曾屹君.论英汉新闻标题翻译从关联理论的视角[D].河南大学,2009.AcknowledgmentsIextendmysinceregratitudeandappreciationtomanypeoplewhomadethismaster’sthesispossible.ThisthesisowesitsexistencetotheassociateprofessorofLiuRuiqiang,fromwhoselectures,adviceandsupportsIhavegreatbenefited.Hisinvaluablespiritualandacademicadvicehaslaidtheprofoundfoundationformetocomposethisthesisandwillbeofgreatsignificanceformyon-goingresearchesandstudies.Iamgreatlyindebtedthathe providedamotivating,enthusiastic,andcriticalatmosphereduringthemanydiscussionswehadandasubtledirectionofmyeffortsthroughoutthepreparationofthisthesis.Itisagreatpleasureformetoconductthisthesisunderhissupervision.Manypeoplehavegiventheirassistancetoencourageandsupportmeinthewholeprocessofcomposingthisthesis,especiallywhenIwasinthelowmood.Finally,Iwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetomyclassmates.Theirloveandpatienceguidedandhelpedmeovercomevariousdifficultiesandmakeallmyacademicprogress.
