批评隐喻视角下的埃博拉疾病报道分析

批评隐喻视角下的埃博拉疾病报道分析

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分类号H31密级一公五]309200】3收藏编号学号....学校代码10386编号趙七受t水噯额士巧究噠#像;讼夂(卑來批评隐喻视角下的埃博拉疾病报道分析一以《中国日报》、《华盛顿邮报》和《南非新闻24报》为例AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective—ACaseStudyofChinaDailynnTheWashingtoPostandSouthAfricaNews24学科专业:外国语言学及应用语言学批评话语分析研究方向::赖运琴研究生姓名赵婧副教授、职称:指导教师:外国语学院所在学院:答辩委员会主席签名二〇一五年十二月 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective—of你/ACaseStudyiy/re,rWashingtonPostandSouthAfricaNgv^s24AThesisPresentedtoSchoolofForeignLanguagesFuzhouUniversityBLaiYuninyqUndertheSupervisionofAssociateProf.ZhaoJingDecember2015 一遵守学术行为规范承诺本人已熟知并愿意自觉遵守《福州大学研究生和导师学术行为规范暂行规定》和《福州大学关于加强研究生毕业与学位论文质量管理的规定》的所有内容,承诺所提交的毕业和学位论文是终稿,不存在学术造假或学术不端行为,且论文的纸质版与电子版内容完全一致。二独创性声明本人声明所提交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得福州大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料一。与我同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均己在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。三关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解福州大学有关保留使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。(保密的论文在解密后应遵守此规定)“”一“本学位论文属于(必须在以下相应方框内打V,否则律按非保密论”处文理):1、保密论文:□本学位论文属于保密,在年解密后适用本授权书。2□本学位论文不属于保密范围,适用本授权书。、非保密论文:研究生本人签名:赖签字曰期:20f年匕月丄曰_研究生导师签名:签字日期:20丨(年月r曰....^4- 批评隐喻视角下的埃博拉疾病报道分析一以《中国日报》、《华盛顿邮报》和《南非新闻24报》为例中文摘要本研究选取2014年6月至2014年9月《中国日报》、《华盛顿邮报》和《南非新闻24报》有关埃博拉疾病报道共75篇建立语料库,并借助语料库分析软件c3.2.4对隐喻进行定量和定性的批评对比分析AntCon,旨在揭示隐喻与意识形态一关系areris-ack之间的辩证统。论文基于概念隐喻理论,以ChtBl2004)提出的(语料库批评隐喻分析方法为理论框架,通过隐喻识别、隐喻阐述和隐喻解释,分析埃博拉疾病新闻语篇中隐喻的工作机制、特点以及作用。从所选的埃博拉疾病新闻语篇中,论文共识别出五类主要的概念隐喻:战争隐喻、犯罪隐唸、障碍隐喻、宗教隐喻和戏剧隐喻,通过具体隐喻案例,对隐喻映一。射,隐喻使用的政治文化历史语境和隐喻语篇目的作进步分析最后,论文深入探讨了隐喻建构下医疗工作者、病患和国家地区主体形象,并展望非洲形象重构的重要性。,以及桑塔格去隐喻化疾病语篇报道的意义一由此得出以下结论:第,相同隐喻在不同文化语境背景下呈现差异,如宗教隐喻在中美文化中有不同的体现和隐含意义。第二,战争隐喻是疾病报道语篇中的重要隐喻,起到激起群众抵抗和防御疾病意识,但同时也引起了不必要的恐慌。第三,疾病爆发初期和中期主要以使用暴力隐喻为主,在该研究中体现为战争隐喻和犯罪隐喻。第四,概念隐喻建构下的主体形象呈现多样化和互相渗透趋势,医疗人员被描绘成英雄形象,病患由于身体携带病毒,具有多重身份重叠。第五,由戏剧隐喻延伸出来的国家和地区主体形象建构,反映了在不同历史、文化和政“”“”“”治因素影响下非洲被援助者,中国和平维护者和美国领导者的不同国家形象建构追求。第六,非洲形象重构和去隐喻化的疾病语篇报道具有重要的实践和理论意义?。本研究通过对埃博拉语篇的批评隐喻分析,有助于提高读者关于疾病语篇的新闻批评能力,同时也有助于新闻媒体工作者改善疾病语篇的隐喻框架,对其他紧急公共卫生事件报道具有启示作用。关键词:批评隐喻分析;意识形态;疾病语篇;埃博拉病毒I AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective-ACaseStudyofChinaDailheWashintonPosty,TgandSouthAfricaNews24AbstractThestudcots-tDailThyllecEbolarelatednewssourcedaafromChinaye,WashingtonPostandSouthAfricaNews24spanningfromJune2014toSeptember2014wthttotattttoreveai75ariclesinlandhenbuildsupcorporawihheaimltherettweetus-tlaionshipbenmeahorsandideolog.CorbasedanalsissoftwareAnConcpypy3.2.4isusedtomakequantitativeandualitativecomparisonoftheidentifiedq-metahors.BasedonConcetualMetahorTheorthestudadotsCorusbasedpppy,yppCriM-ticaletaphorAnalysisTheoryproposedbyCharterisBlackasthetheoreticalframework.Throughmetaphoridentification,metaphorinterpretationandmetaphorexlanationtheresentstudexlorestheworkinmechanismcharacteristicsandp,pypg,functionsofthemetahorsinEboladiscoursep.FromtEbo-ttttheselecedlarelaednewsreorsfivemaorconceualmetahorsarep,jppidentifiedinthestudnamelWarMetahorsCriminalMetahorObstacleetahory,y,pM,p,p,ReligionMetaphorandDramaMetaphor.FurtheranalysescometoexamplesandthemansotemetahorsfromSourceDomaintoTaretteotcappigfhpgDomain,hpliil,culturalandhistoricalbackroundsofthemetahorusaesanthediscursveurosesgpg,dipp’’ofthemetaors.Finalthestudoesdeetotmelworkerstatentsanphly,ygphedica,hepid,nationsimagesconstructionviametaphorsandlooksforwardtotheimportanceofthe’reconstructionof-AfricasositiveimageandthesignificanceofmetaphoricfreeviewponillnessreportsproposedbySontag.Basedonthecriticalmetaphoranalysisofthenewsthefindingscanbesummarizedasfollows:,Firstlthesameteofmetahorhasdifferentimlicationsindifferentcororay,yppppduetothediversifiedculturalbackrounds.ForexamleReliionMetahorhasitsgp,gpdistinctfeaturesandimliedmeanininChineseandAmericancultures.Secondlthepgy,mostfrequentlyusedandimortantmetahorinthediseasediscourseisWarMetahorppp,ii whichcanraisealertingawarenessandpromptpreventivebehavioramongsocialmembersbutcauinunneceanicatthesametimesgssar.ThirdlViolenceMetahorisyy,ppusualladotedinthebeinninandmiddleeriodofthediseaseoutbreakwhichisypggp,W5arMetahorandCrinimalMetahorinthestud.Fourthlthesubectimaeare,ssppyy:jgdiversifiedandinterpenetrated,amongwhichthemedicalworkersaredescribedasheroesandtheatientsossessdualidentitiessincetheirbodieshaveinfectiousvirus.pp’’’Fifthly,China,AmericasandAfricasimagesconstructionimpliedinDramaMetaphor4695revealsdiferentnationalimagepursuits.Afiricaisdepictedasthehelped,China^556455eacekeeerandAmericatheleader.Theseimaesareinfluencedbhistoricalppgy,nculturalandpoliticalfactors.Lastly,thereconstructionofAfricaspositiveimageand-emetahoricfreeviewonillnssdiscoursehavegreatpracticalandtheoreticalpsinificance.gThestudcricameaoranassofea-ythroutiltlithEbolrelatednewsishelfUl,ghphy,p9inenhancinthereaderscriticalawarenesstowardsillnessdiscourseimrovintheg,pgmetaphorfirameworkinillnessreportsforournalistsandenlighteningreortsofotherjpublichealthemerencies.pgKeywords:CriticalMetaphorAnalsisideoloillnessdiscourseEbolay;gy;;m 福州大学硕士学位论文Contents中文摘要IAbstractIIContents丨丨⑷IVListofFiguresVIListofTablesVIIChaterOneIntroduction1p1.1ResearchBackground112ResearchMethodology...21.3AimsandSignificanceoftheStudy41.4OranizationoftheThesis6gChaterTwoLiteratureReview8p2.1PreviousResearchonMetahor8p2.1.1TraditionalResearchonMetaphor82.1.2ContemoraryResearchonMetahor.9pp2.2CriticalMetaorAnalsisinheWest10phyt2.3CriticalMetaphorAnalysisinChina122.4PreviousResearchofMetahorinIllnessDiscourse14p2.5Summar17yChaterThreeAnai-reaedNewsplysisofMetaphorsnEbolaltReports183.1MetaphorIdentification183.2MetaphorInterpretationandExplantion223.2.1WarMetaphor223.2.1.1TheDiseaseisEnemy243.2.1.2TheMedicalTeamisFighter253.2.1.3Theicalreatmentiseaon2MedTWp83.1.4ThedyisBaler30.2Bottgound3.2.1.5DyingisBeinDefeated31g3iminaleahor.2.2CrMtp343.2.2.1TheVirusisKiller353.2.2.2TheMeasuretoHandleVirusistheMeasuretoCatchCriminals.373.2.2.3ThePatientisVictim38IV AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective3.2.2.4BeinguredisBeinReleased40Cg3.2.3ObstacleMetaphor413.2.4ReligionMetaphor443.2.5DramaMetaphor493r5.3Summay2Chater-pFourImageConstructionviaEbolarelatedMetaphors.54’4ecmaesconao-_1TheSubjtsIgContrutiviEblarelatedMetaphors545edma-4icalerseino.1.1TheMWorkIgEblarelatedMetaphors54eaensmaenoa-reaedeaors4.1.2ThPtifIgiEblltMtph56’’’4ssanecasImagesrconv-.2AfricaChinadAmriContutiiaEbolarelated,Metaphors57’""4icastheeledmaeinbola-relaedMeaors.2.1AfrHpIgEttph57’’’”ma-.inatheeacekeeereinboreatedMeaors4_22ChsPpIgElaltph..60’’’"steaermaena-eaedears4.2.3AmericaheLdIgiEbolrltMtpho624.3ReconstructionofAfrica^PositiveNationalImage644.4Summary67Conclusion681.FindingsoftheStudy682.ImplicationsoftheStudy703imiationsoftheSud.Ltty704.SuggestionsforFurtherStudy71Bibliorah72gpyAcknowledments77gAppendixI78ApendixII80pAppendixIII83简历86攻读学位期间所发表的论文87V 福州大学硕士学位论文ListofFiuresgFigure3.1OverviewofKeywordList19ure3insofWarMetaho.Fig.2.1Mappgpr23“”Figure3.2.1.2TheConcordanceoffight26Figure3.2.2MappingsofCriminalMetaphor.34“”Figure3.2.2.1.1ConcordanceofkillinCDC35“”Fiure3.2.2.1.2ConcordanceofkillinSANC36g“”Figure3.2.2.1.3ConcordanceofkillinWPC36Fiure3.2.3MainsofObstacleMetahor.42gppgpFiure3.2.4MainsofReliionMetahor.45gppggpFiure3.2.5MainsofDramaMetahor.49gppgpVI AErsComparativeAnalysisonbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPepectiveListofTablesTable1.2QuantityofSelectedTextsinEachNewspaper.4Table3.1MaorMetahorsinThreeCorora20jppTable3.2.1KewordsandFreuenciesofWarMetahor.23yqpTable3.2.2KeywordsandFrequenciesofCriminalMetaphor.34Table3.2.3KeywordsandFrequenciesofObstacleMetaphor.42Table3.2.4KeywordsandFrequenciesofReligionMetaphor.45Table3.2.5KeywordsandFrequenciesofDramaMetaphor.49VII AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveChaterOneIntroductionp1.1ResearchBackroundgDatingbacktoAristotle^time,metaphorwasalwaysregardedasatoolforattractingandersuadinothers.ThistraditionalviewofmetahorwasbrokenbpgpyLakoffandJohnsonwhoublishedMetaphorsWeLiveByakoff&Johnson1980p(L,),whichmarksanewstudyofmetaphorincognitivelinguistics.Accordingtothem,metaphoristhemappingfromsourcedomaintotargetdomain.Metaphorispervasivelyusedinourdailylife.Theconnectionofmetaphorwithillnesswasstartedin1970sbySusanSontawhogwasanAmericanartistandculturecritics.Sheusedtohavecancer.WhensheAvasgoingtorecover,shepublishedtwocollectedtheses:IllnessasMetaphors(Sontag,1978andAIDSandItsMetaphorsSontag1989.Inthesetwoarticlesshedescribed)(,),theinequalitiesandpowerabuseinillnessdiscoursefromtheangleofpatients.Inrecentearsmoreandmorescholarshavetriedtoexlorethemetahoricalmechanismy,ppnenessouarnamnowhoseroecofowithilldiscrse.OnescholisEleSeitudiesththpjmetaphorworksininfluencingthecommunicationbetweenmedicalworkersandatients.pInadditionillnessoutbreakstirsheateddiscussionamongsocialmembers.In,1990sreortsonBSEBovineSoniformEncehaloathyalsoknownasMadCow,p(pgpp,Diseaseaearedinthenewsaersaroundtheworld.UtillnowcancerandAIDS)ppppp,AcuiredImmuneDeficiencSndromearestillheatedtopicsinthehealthcolumnof(qyy)newspapers.In2003,SARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromes)madeagreatthreat-toChina.In2013AvianhumanInfluenzaalsoknownasBirdFlucauseddozensof,()deathinChina.Healthistheultimatepursuitofhuman.In19793WorldHealtiiOrganizationputforwardthewishthateverycitizenintheearthenjoystherightofbeinghealthy.Tobetterunderstandtheillnessandavoidunnecessarublicanics,theyppreortsonillnesseventsareuredbeimroved.pgtopEbolaisadeadlyvirusthatbreaksoutmainlyinwesternAfrica.Itcausedthousandsofdeathinthesummerof2014.EbolawasivenitsnameaftertheEbolagRiverintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongonearwhichthediseasefirstemerged.tfi55TIMEfirstlymentionedEboladiseasein1980asartofnewmstermaladiesandpyyl 福州大学硕士学位论文-ketscientistsontheirtoesRetrievedfromhttp://time.com/3318178/ebola/2015p(,-I0608.n2014EbolabeantosreadinthewesternAfricancountriessuchasGuinea),gp,,LiberiaandSierraLeone.Thedeadlyplaguewassomysteriousandcausedsohighdeathratethatmediumbegantocoveritinlargescale.ItcausedalotofanicinpAfricancountries.Theillnessdiscourseconstructedbmediacontainsalotoftualmet.yconceahorsppRtE-ttsturatteportsofhebolarelaednewsimplyheocialandcullmeanin.ChinariesogconstructositiveimaeinEbolaoutbreak.Americaadvocatesitssaviorimaeinitspggreports.AfricannewsagenciesstillhavealottoimproveinitspublicemergencyreportssincetheyalwasutAfricainassiveandneativerole.Differentideoloiesyppggandcomplicatedowerrelationscanbediscoveredbcomarisonoftherelevantnewspypreportsselectedfromthreeauthoritativenewsagenciesofthethreecountriesrespectively,ChinaDaily,TheWashingtonPostandSouthAfricaNews24.Alloftheabovesituationsformthebackgroundtothisthesis.Itisworthwhiletoexamine’metahorsroleinillnessdiscourseanddocriticalanalsisofthemetahorssheddinpyp,glihtonthemotivationoft.ghenewsagencies1.2ResearchMethodologyThepresentstudyadoptsqualitativeandquantitativemethodstoresearchtheEbola-relatedmetahorsidentifiedintheseplectedcorpora.Thequalitativemethodadoptedinthisresearchismeanttobedescriptive,analytic,exemlanaoThetheotedintheentrearchisCtilarandextr.radopressericalpy,pyypMetaorAnassroosedbartes-Blacknte.ThetheorratesConcetuaphlyippyChriyigplMetahorTheorCrtcaDiscoursenalsssemantcsratcsndcorus-seiilAiiiabadpy,y,,pgmapanalsstoexorehelinuisicramaicandconitivecharacerscsofmeahorsyiplttttitit.g,pggpTherearethreestesintheanalsisoftraccortCMAT.pymeaphodingoheoryThefirststepismetaphoridentification.Metaphorsareidentifiedaccordingtothelinguisticcriteria:whetherthereismappingfromSDtoTDandcausessemantictension.Thesecondsteismetaphorinterpretationinwhichthecognitivesemanticapproachispemployedtoanalyzethespecificexamples.Metaphorinterpretationinvolvesinterpretationofthespecificdiscursivecontextandcorrespondingramaticelements.pgThethirdstepismetaphorexplanationinwhichcriticalanalysisisadoptedtoexplaintheideoloicalmotivationofmetahoruseTheexlanationinvolvesthediscursivegp.psignificancewhichmainlyillustratestherelationshipamongdifferentmetaphorsandthe2 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiverelevanceofmetaphoranditscontext.Thtt-euanitativemetahoradoedintheresentresearchiscorusbasedanalsis.qppppyAstheresentresearchfocusesonEbo-larelatedmetahorswhichareusedinChinesepp,AmericanandAfricannewsreortsthreenewsaersareselectedasthesourceforthep,ppcoruscomilation:ChinaDailyTheWashintonPostandSouthAicaNews24.Thep,p,gfrreasonsforsuchchoiceareasfollows.Tobeinwiththearebothauthoritativeandg,ytttttttinfluenialnewsagenciesinheirowndomesiccounryaswellasinheinernaionalsphere.Allthereportsoftheseagenciesenolarenumberofreadersandarejyg5ttttrtsttttsimporanoconsucocialmemberscogniionabouparicularsocialeven.Moreover,allthethreeagenciespossessacomprehensivenewscoveragerelatedtotheEbolaoutbreakfromtheverybeginningofthediseaseoutbreak.Lastbutnotleast,theseaenciesarefromthreedifferentcultureswhichformsthebasisforthecomarativeg,panalysisoftheresentresearch.pChinaDaily^whichwasestablishedin1981,hasthewidestprintcirculationastheearesEns-anuaenewsaeraItasranccesaostalitglihlggppinChin.hbhoffiinlmlldomesticprovincialcapitalcitiesaswellasseveralforeigncitiesincludingNewYork“”City,Washington,D.C.,andLondon.ItisregardedastheEnglishwindowintoChina--Rttt.w.ChinD2015061Waterievedfromh://enikiediaor/wiki/aail9.shinon,(ppg_y)gPostwhichwasfoundedin1877isanAldestextantdailnewsaer.Itmericanois,,yppthemostwidelcirculatednewsaerublishedinWashintonD.C.andhaswon47ypppg,PultPriRttt.wiki.ThtPotizerzeserievedfromhs://enediaor/wiki/eWashinons,(ppg_g_15--ti4whtt19t200619.SouhAcaNews2ichwascreaedinOcober98bhe)fr,yMultinatM-NE-uationalediaComanasersisannlishlaneSouhAfricanonlinepyp,ggg5newspublication.ItisalsoknownasSouthAfricaslargestdigitalpublisher.News24coverslocalandinternationalnewsoliticsbusinessentertainmenttechnolosort,p,,,gy,p,--andmuchmoreRetrievedfromhttsN20151.://en.wikiedia.or/wiki/ews24069(ppg,)Alltheabovebackgroundsofthethreenewspapersfurtherprovesthereliabilityandauthoritof.ythecollecteddataInthisresearchatotalnumberof75newsarticlesconcerninEbolaareselectedto,gformtheresearchcorusdatinfromJune2014toSetember2014.TheChinaDailyp,g,p,CorushereinafterCDCcontains16763wordsSamle1toSamle25downloadedp(),(pp)fromthewebsiteofChinaDailwww.chinadailThWaPy.com.cn.eshintonost(y)gCorushereinafterWPCconsistsof19695wordsSamle26toSamle50p(),(pp)downloadedfromthewebsiteofTheWashingPost(http://www.washingtonpost.com/).TheSouthAfricaNews24Corpus(hereinafterSANC)includes16,606words(Sample3 福州大学硕士学位论文51toSample75downloadedfromthewebsiteofSouthAicaNews24litt://www.)fr(pnews24.com/).ThereasonfortheinconsistencyofthewordsamountisthattheaveragetttenThinPostoutweisttoteothertwonewsapers.InlenghofheariclieWashgghhafhpordertokeebalanceofthecorustheresentresearchcalculatestheercentaeofpp,ppgeachmonthtototaluantitofthecorresondinnewsaerinfourmonths.Eachqypgppmonthchoosesatleastonearticletoformthecorpus.Thedetailsarelistedinthetablebelow.Tab.ttttsle12uaniofSelecedTexinEachNewsaerQyppNewsPaperMonthQuantityPercentageSelectedQuantityWordsinTotalChinaDaily620.7%1782.8%1820470.3%1797626.2%6Total290100%2516763,TheWashingtonPost641.5%1765921.%810338.0%10914854.6%12Total271100%2519,695SouthAfricaNews246173.3%17499j6%28264519%13.917935.2%9Total509100%2516,6061.3AimsandSignificanceoftheStudyThepresentresearchaimstofindouttheconceptualmetaphorsofEboladiscourseand-themetaphoricalmechanismthatworksinEbolarelatednewsreorts.Bpyexamininthehiddenrulesandmeaninsofthemetahorstheresearchfinallrevealsggp,ytheideoloiesandowerrelationshiddenbehindtheselectedChineseAmericanandgp,-renAfricanEbolalatednewsreports.Thisexplorationisspecifiedintothefollowigthreeresearchuestions:qors-1.WhatmetaphareusedintheselectedEbolarelatednewsreports?arehedififerencesofhesemeahorsusedinhreenewsaers?2.Whattttptpp3.Whataretheideoloiesandowerrelationsmanifestedinthesemetahors?gpp4 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveBeforemovintothesinificanceofthestudsomeointsshouldbeclearlggy,pyexplainedatfirst:whytheresentstudtreatsEbolaasamatteroflanuaeusewhpygg;ytheEbola-relatedortsarechosenastheresearchobectwhcrtlthonewsreiicamearpj;ypperspectiveisadoptedasthetheoreticalbasisofthisresearch.FirstlthisstudtreatsEbolareortsasamateroflanuaeusewiththey,ypgginfluenceofideologyandower.AswhatisointedoutbFairclouh,lanuaecouldppygggbethemostimortanttrolandowerFairclouh1989.Fmediumofsocialcon:3rompp(g,)thisanlethereortsonEbolafromdifferentcountriesshouldnotmerelybereardedg,pgasmedicalincidentsorublichealthcrisis.Theyareabatleamongnationsforositiveppnationalimageconstruction.AnalyzingEboladiscoursehelpstodisclosetheideologiesandowerrelationsinthelanuaetotheublic.pggpSecondlhitEbol-tthtthtssudchoosesarelaednewsaseresearchobecforey,yjfollowingreasons.Tobeginwith,thediseasebreaksoutinAfricawhoseregionalimageconstructedbthenewsreortsandinfluencedbdifferentideoloicalrous.Toisypyggpexplorethehiddenideoloicalandowerrelationuncoversfactorsthatinfluencethegp’constructionofAfricasositiveimaeintheworld.InadditionEbolahasattractedsopg,muchublicattentionthatithasbeenreardedasaticalublicmedicalcrisisandpgyppthreattoeverycountry.Largescaleofnewscoveragecanbefoundinmanycountries.AccordingtoFairclough,themassmediaareverypowerfulinshapingpartiesandgovernmentsandininfluencingknowledge,beliefs,values,socialrelationsandsocialidentities.Fairclouh1995:2Throuhtheanalsisofthemetahorworkin(g,)gypgmechanismintheEboladiscoursewecanerceivehowideoloiesandower,pgprelationshiinfttt.pluenceherocessofmediumroducionandnewsconsumionpppFttahoisatedashetheoreticalbasisoftheresentinallcriicalviewonmerdopty,pph.researc.MetaphorisacommonphenomenonofdailylifePeopleusemetaphortoexpresstheirideasallthetime(ShuDingfang,2000:1).Metaphorstudyaimstodescribemetaphorusageandexplaintherulesofthisusage.Metaphoriscognitivein5essenceandisthereflectionofonesthoughts.ThecriticalviewofmetaphorroosedppbCharteris-Blackcombus-saatcsanitiveinescorbasedanalisridcognypy,pgmlinuistics.Asaresultcriticalviewonthemetaphorsofthenewsunfoldstheg,ideologiesandpowerrelationsinnewsdiscourse.SincethisstudyaimstorevealtheideologiesandpowerrelationsintheselectedAmer-tttChineseicanandAfricanEbolarelatednewsreorsviacriicalviewofhe,padoptedmetaphors.Itisexpectedthatthestudycanprovidenewinsightintothe’-BMapplicationofCharterlacksCriticaletaphorAnalysishereinafterCMAtothe()5 福州大学硕士学位论文understandingofillnessdiscourseandnewsreortsaswellashelinreadersdeveloppgprilsstorsvariouskindsof.citcaawarenewadsocialinfluentialdiseasesTosomeextentthetraditionalresearchonillnesshasmuchconcernwithmedical,studyandtheillnessreortsresearchwithsocialmanaement.FromSontamoreandpgg,moreresearchshowshumanityconcernstotheatientswhoendureowerabuseandppinequalitiesintheirtreatments.Itisworthwhiletoimprovethespeakingrightofthepatientsandthustoconstructharmoniousrelationshipbetweenpatientsandmedicalworkers.TorevealthemetaphormechanismoftheEboladiscoursemayhelpreaderstreattheatientsrationallandtheatientcanavoidunnecessarverbalorliteralabuse.pypyFllhtlthilimlitiEbola-dinateresenresearchreveasesocacaonofrelatey,ppA5metaphorswiththeuroseofsuggestingreconstructionoffricaspositiveimaeandppg’aitasursutof-exmeahoricfreeviewofillnessthouitisacutanplinngSongpitpghdifild-illtdhalongtermoalforthereportsofness.Iisexpectetttheresearchcoulddosomegheltothechoiceandcorrectionofcontemorarmetaphorsinillnessdiscourseppy,eseciallintheublicemerencillnessevents.Ifthestudcouldfulfillitsoalsitpypgyyg,wouldbeasignificantendeavor.1.4OrganizationoftheThesisThisthesisiscomosedoft.pfourchapersandaconclusionThefirstartisintroductionwhichconsistsoftheresearchbackroundbasedonp,gwhichthisstudisdeveloedresearchmethodoloaimsandsinificanceofthestudyp,gy,gy,andorganizationofthisthesis.ChapterTworesentsabriefliteraturereviewonmetaphorfromtraditionalviewptothecontemporaryview,CriticalMetaphorAnalysisTheoryanditsapplicationbothathomeandabroadaswellasansurveofmetahorresearchinillnessdiscourse.,ypChapterThreecarriesoutadetailedanalysisofdifferentkindsofmetaphorstttAmAfttidenifiedinheselecedChineseericanandricannewsreortshrouhhethree,pgroceduresofCMAroosedbCharteris-Blacktridtifitimeta:meahoencaonhorpppyp,pdescritionandmetahorexlanation.Themainsbackroundsanddiscursivepppppg,gpurposesoftheidentifiedmetaphorsareexploredinthischapter.5ChapterFourillustratesthesubjectsimagesconstructionviametaphorsincludingtemedcaworkerstheatientsChinaAmericaandAfrica.Reconstructionofhil,p,,A’fricaspositiveimageintheworldstageisregardedascrucialfortheeconomicroseritofTht-ppyAfrica.emeahoricalfreeviewofillnessdiscourseisalsoanticiatedpp6 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveinthelastartofthischater.ppThefinalartistheconclixsionoftinsthesis.Itbeinswiththemainfindinsofpggtheresearchwhicharefollowedwithimlicationsandlimitationsoftiiisstudand,pysomesuestionsforftuthertudaswell.ggsy7 福州大学硕士学位论文ChaterTwoLiteratureReviewp2.1PreviousResearchonMetaphorMetaphorstudyhasonethrouseveralstaesdurinwhichalotofscholarsgghggfromdifferentsubjectsmakecontributionstoit.Ingeneralsensemetahoris,ptraditionallyresearchedfromtherhetorical,interactional,semanticandpramaticgasects.Incontemorarstudytheconitiveviewonmetaphorisemhasized.Duetoppy,gpthefeaturesofthesetheories,theyareusuallyclassifiedintotwotypes:thetraditionalviewandthecontemoraiyview.Theformertakesmetahorasamatteroflanuaeppgg,thelaterasamaterofhumanthought.2.1.1TraditionalResearchonMetahorpTobeginwiththemostoldestandoularviewonmetahorreardsmetahoras,pppgp^rhetoricaldevice.InAristotlesmasteriecescalledRhetoricandPoeticsAristotlep(,1954theusaeandrhetoricalfiinctionofmetaorareclarified.Thedefinitionand),gph9functionofmetaphorsuggestedbyAristotlehaveinfluencedthefollowing2000yearsresearchinlinguistics.Accordingtohim,metaphorisasignoflanguagemasteryandenius(Aristotle1995.Therimarstudiesanddiscussionofmetahorarebasedong,)pypthefactthatmetaphorisaninstrumentforspeechornamentandafigureofspeech.In’racticalsensehilosoherscouldmakeuseofmetahortoolishsomeonesseechp,pppppandsharentheirarumentsinordertoconvincetheiraudience.pgLaterin1936,TheInteractionTheoryofmetaphorwasraisedbyI.A.RichardsinthisThePhilosohyoRheoricRichards1936.BasedonRichardsBlackdeveloedpf(,),p5andimprovedthistheory.Blackstheoryarguesthathumanthouhtsaremetahoricalgpandmetaphorsareusedinevitablyeitiierinwrittenformorindailydialogue.Anidentifiedmetaphorcanbedividedintotenorandvehicle.Tenorreferstothesubecttojwhichattributesareascribed,whilevehicletheobjectwhoseattributesareborrowed.ItisTheInteractionTheorythatachievesabreakfliroughtransitiononthenatureofmetaphorfrommerelyfiinctioninasanornamentationofseechintotheconitivegpgerspective.Blacksuggestedthatthemechanismofmetaphorworkslikeafilterbpywhichcertaincharacteristicsofthefigurativepartoftheexpressionvehicleare()selectedforroectionontothemainsubecttenor.pjj()8 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveIn1977,RicoeurpublishedhisbooknamedTheRuleofMetaphorinwhichthediscourseanalysisperspectivewasproposedtoputmetaphorintheresearchfieldof5semantics.ThefocusofRicoeursmetaphortheoryistomakeatransitionofmetaorphinthesemanticbasicleveltothesyntacticlevelandfinallytothediscursivelevel.AccordingtoRicoeur,thisi吕asignificantdistinctionofmetaphorfromtraditionaldefinitiontothecontemporaryone,whichmetaphorisnolongertreatedasornamentalartsoflanuaebutreflectionofaunitofindividualwordmeanin.Wordasthepggg,smallestcarrierofcomletemeaninfallstothestudofsemantics.Metahorpg,yp,howeveremeresfromthecomletesentencebuttheeffectofitsmeaninisreflected,gp,ginindividualword.Inadditiontothesemanticviewofmetahoraramaticstudofmetahorp,pgypoccurred.MetaphorwasstudiedundertheCooperativePrinciplebyGricewhoholdtheopinionthatthemetaphorviolatedtheualitPrincile.CommunicationisamatterofQypintentionsandinferences.However,somescholarspointedoutthattheanalysisofmetaphorwiththeCooperativePrincipleistoosimpleandcannottrulyreflectthenatureofmetahor.Searledivtttntttpidedlinguisicmeaninginohesyacicallieralmeaninandsntacticalramat1.AticmeaninSearle978:5ccordinohimgypgg(,)g,metaphorbelongstothepragmaticmeaningoflanguage.Thepragmaticviewofm5etaphorhasgreatconcernwithGricesConversationalImplicatureTheoryandTheRelevanceTheor.LaterSerberandWilsondeveloedthistheorSerber&Wilsony,ppy(p,’1.Tinition986hediscussedmetahorsfunctioninhumancommuncationandco.)ypg2.1.2ContemorarResearchonMetahorpypThecontemporarytheoryofmetaphorisprimarilyconceptualandthethoughtcantracebacktoMichaelReddy^TheConduitMetaphor:ACaseofFrameConflictinOurLanguageaboutLanguagein1979.Reddyshowedthatthelocusofmetaphoristhought,notlanuaethatmetahorisamaorandindisensableartofourordinar,ppyggpj,conventonawaofconcetuaznteworandtaoureveraerefectsilypliighld,htydybhaviorlourmetaphoricalunderstandingofexperience.ThoughothertheoristshadnoticedsomeoftesecharacterstcsofmetaorReddwastherstonewemonstraesthiiphfihodthemby,yrigorouslinguisticanalysis,statinggeneralizationsovervoluminousexamples(Lakoff,1.ThemaincharacteristicsofMtt992:204theConduiteaphorare:languageisacondui);speakersinsertthoughtsintowordswordscontainthouhtslistenersextractthouhts;g;gfromwords.9 福州大学硕士学位论文In1980LakofandJohnsonroosedTheConcetualMetahorTheorin,ppppyM他p/zors『e5少,whichunfoldsaneweraofmetaphorstudytothecognitive6tnatureofmetaphor.TheConceptualMetaphorTheorywhichisbasedonourordinaryconcetualsstemintermsofwhichweboththinkandactisftmdamentallpy,,y”metaphoricalinnature(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:3)_Metaphorispervasiveineverydaylifenotustinlanuaebutinthouhtandaction.Withmetahortheformationof,jgg,gp,humanconcept,theprocessofhumanthinking,thedevelopmentofcognition,andthereasonsofhumanbehaviorscanbeexplained.Metaphorismappingsofdifferentdomainswithintheconcetualsstem.Tobesecificmetahorischaracterizedbthepyp,pyconceptualizationofonecognitivedomainintermsofcomponentsassociatedwithanothercognitivedomain.ItisaconceptualmappingfromSourceDomain(hereinafterSD)toaTargetDomain(hereinafterTD)?withbothontologicalcorrespondencesand"eistemiccorrespondencesentailedbythemapping.Somenewtermssuchassourcep’’“’’“”“”“domain,targetdomain,mapping,idealizedcognitivemodelandimageh’scema'indicatethecreativityandinnovationoftheConceptualMetaphorTheoryinmethodology.2.2CriticalMetaphorAnalysisintheWestEnlightenedbythecontemorarresearchesofmetahorfromtheconitiveviewpypgandthedevelomentofCriticalDiscourseAnalsisCMAisroosedtoexaminethepy,pp-ideoloicalandowerrelationsoft.Musmeahororeoveralincorbasedanalsisgpp,ppygpymethodstoCMAmakesempiricalinvestigationofmetaphorsinrealcontextsmuchmoreconvenient.L’akofandohnsonsresearccetualMetahorTheorenlihtensalottoJhonConppygthedevelopmentofCMA.InConceptualMetaphorTheory,Lakoffemphasized’metaphorsdirectinfluencetoourdailylife.Primarilyonthebasisoflinguisticevidencehefoundthatourordinarconcetualsstemismetahoricalinnaturewhich,ypyp,meansthattheprocessofhumanthoughtislargelymetaphorical(Lakoff&Johnson,2003.Metaphorsconstructsocialrealitiesandimplyfutureactionofthespeakeror)tahoruser.Peoletakeactionsaswhatmetahorsindicatetothemwhichwillinmeppp,,turnreinforcetheowerofthemetahortomakeexeriencecoherent.Inthiscase,,ppphors-metapcanbeselffulfillingrohecies.ppChar-utsforwardstithhmthterisBlackpystemaceoryandresearceodsofCMAwithpublishingthebookofCorpusApproachtoCriticalMetaphorAnalysis.With10 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivetuat-interatinoncelMeaorTheorCDAcorusbasedanalsismethodsggCpphy,,py,ntt-BlaramaticsandcoiivelinuisticsresearchesCharerisckexlainstherocedurespggg,ppofCMAresearch:metahoridentificationmetahorinterretationandmetaorp,ppphexlanationttt.Hp.Accordinohimmetahorislinuisicramaticandconiiveeg3pg,pggsueststhreecriteriaforthedefinitionofmetahor:linuisticcriteriaramaticggpg,pgn-Hcriteriaandcogitivecriteria(CharterisBlack2004:20.eutsCMAintoracticeb,)ppyapplyingitinpoliticaldiscoursetoexplorethepersuasivepowerofmetaphorChar-Bl2005terisack.(,)MusolffmakesalotofcontributionstoCMAresearch.From2000tonowhehas,publishedmanybooksandthesesontheroleofmetahorlaedinoliticalideoloppypgyconstruction.Accordintohisresearchetahoriosbehindoliticaldiscourseg,mpscenarpandmetaphoricaldiscursivehistoryindiachroniccontextareintroducedtofurtherexplaintheroleofconceptualmetaphorinCDA.InhisthesisTheStudyofMetaphorasPartorDisAnaMul20121-310iticalcourselsissof:30hereemhasizesthefCy(,),pdifferenceofconceptualmetaphorintraditionalmetaphortheoryandtheconceptofmetaphorinCDAtheory.DirkGeeraertsandHubertCuyckens2007considerthatcontemorarconitive()pyglinguisticsdevelopmentconcludesintotwodirections:thefirstoneisconcernedwiththecuturaldeviationansocialinteractionintherocessoflanuaeusaeichldpggg,wht-tuatt-impliestheendencyofrecontexlizationheotheroneisheevidencebased;-researchmethodthroughexperimentandcorpusbasedstudy.Consideringthedevelopmentofcognitivelinguisticsinrecentyears,CMAisregardedasatypicaldevelomentofthesetwotendenc.Tttpiesheyargueheiropinionwithreferringocontemorart.researctpylinguisictheoriesExamplesusedbyCMAhersareborrowedoillustratetheirstatement.BilligandMacmillanconsiderthatconceptualmetaphorcannoteffectivelytrace’thehstoricalcfmetaorAsaresulttheborrowGlucksbersProertihangeoph.,ygpyAttributionModelofmetaortotracethehtoricacmetaorfromanewphislhangeofphonetoadeadonewithwhichtheexaminehowmetahorinfluenceseoledoinion,ypppp5towardsgovernmentpolicandthemediasdecisiononlexicalchoiceLakoff2003:y(,460).Maale2007holdsthatervasivenessconitiveunconsciousness,scholoicalj()p,gpygatroduct-rocessnatureofteraremosttotcorereliyandppconcepualmtapholycloseheofCDA.HoweverHart2008doesnotareethealicationofconcetualmetahor,()gppppinCDA.Startingfromtheoryanalysis,hestatesthatconceptualmetaphorisnotsuitableli 福州大学硕士学位论文forCDAbecauseofdifferentfocusesdifferentmotivationsanddifferentconnections,.PragglejazGroup(2007)developsMIP(MetaphorIdentificationProcedures)whcisauidebookformeahorresearcherstoidentifmetaorcaexressonsnihgtpyphilpiiliteraltext.Thegroupincludestenscholars:PeterCrisp,RayGibbs,AlanCienki?GrahamLowGerardSteenLnneCameronElenaSeminoJoeGradAliceinan,De,y,,y,gandZoltanKoecses.Detailedexlanationisiventothemethodsofidentifnpgyigmetahorsinvarincontexts.Howevertheshortcominofthismethodistakintoopyg,ggmuchtimeandenergytoreadthrouhthetextsandtaallthemetahoricalexressions.ggpp2.3CriticalMetaphorAnalsisinChinayDstomesticresearchoncriticalmetaphordidnotstartuntilthebeginningof21,centur.AtthistimecrittttTheicalmeahordrewmanhinesescholarsaenion.y,pyCydevotedthemselvestotheintroductionofthetheorieswhichshedslihtsonfollowin,ggresearchinapplyingthistheorinracticaltexts.ypJYuhuaChY2007ttltCMAiandenanarehefirsrouofschoarswhoinroduced()gp-MTheorroosedbharterBlt.TuettttyppyCisackoChinaheyarghaCriicaleaphorAnassaewandlementart.FththtlisinsuheorofCDAromeirvieweheoryppyy,ytttht-ttmaniineraeseresearchmehodsofcorusbasedanalsisraicandcoivegpy,pggnustcstoanazethenustcramatcandcontvecharacteristcsofmetaligiilyligii,pgigiiiphor.ThegoalofCMAistorevealthebeliefs,attitudesandemotionsofthegroupswhoadottheidentt.BtmorettAmpifiedmeaphorsycollecinghan240Briishandericanoliticalseechesandbuildinu14cororathemanaetoanalzetheconcetualppgpp,ygypmetaphorsadoptedinthesespeechesaccordingtotheproceduresofCMA.Accordingto’theirconclusionthedecisionofchoosinarticularmetahorreflectstheseakers,gppppoliticalurposes.pZhanLixin2014studiestheconitiveandramaticfunctionoft.Hgmeahore()gpgpbelievesthatinoliticalandeconomicalfieldmetahordeconstructsthedifferencesofp,powerrelationshipiscriminationvaluesandideolobetweenseakersandlistenersp,d,gypbcross-domatttinframework.Throuhmetahorsoliicalandeconomicalaciviiesareygp,pconstructedandfurthermanipulated.XuHuanrong(2012)studiesthediscursivefunctionoft.Atmetttauidesmeahorccordinohimahorconstructstheoverallexndpg,pg’’thereadersorlistenersthinkinaterntothatofthespeaker.Thediscursiveurosesgpppoftttt.hetextaredevelopedbyheadoedmeahorsppZhangHuiandHongYanqing2002exloremetahorfromtheersectiveof()pppp12 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivecognitivelinguisticsandCriticalDiscourseAnalysis.Theyaffirmtheimportantroleof9metaphorinhumansprocessofconceptualizingtheworld.Meaningsofthebasicwordsaremostlycodedinmetaphoricalprocess.TheygiveexamplesfromthenamingofnuclearweaponasJupiterandsoon.Theyregardmetaphorasusefultoolandmethodforidentifying,analyzinganddescribingideologyinlanguage.ZhangHui,withJiangLong2008examinesmetahorfromCriticalDiscourseAnalsistheor.Inthe(),pyy5marticlehediscusseswesternscholarsetahorresearchandaruesthatthe,pgcombinationofcognitivelinguisticsandCDAopensmoreperspectivesformetaphorresearch.ZhuWei2010resentsdomesticscholarssomerelatedbooksandournalsabout()pj5theresearchofmetaphorandideology.HetriestointegrateBurksdramaticviewpoint,andHabermasCommunicativeActionTheorytoillustratetheimortanceofmetahorppinideologyresearch.LiYanfang(2010)studiesCMAfromtheperspectiveofRhetoric.Inherthesistherhetoricalfunctionofmetahorisemhasizedwithexlorinthe,pppgrhetoricaluroseof.theseakerpppBesidesthetheoreticalstudyoncriticalmetaphor,manyscholarsputthetheoryintoracticalanalsis.Thealttt.iinoliicalandoherkindsofdiscoursespyyppypLinBaozhu2009examinestheideolomaniulationofmetahorinAmerican()gypp5PresidentBushspoliticalspeeches.Herarticleexploresthewayinwhichmetaphorsareusedbseakertorocessinformationevokeemottionandersuadeheaudience.ypp,pGaoLinaandLiuFeng(2010)studyCMAbasedonConceptualMetaphorTheoryandConcetualBlendinTheor.LaterwithhercouesLtlleaiuinhealCMApgy,gQg,yppytheorandcorus-basedmethodstoAmerttIyicanresidenialseechesonheissueofrapppqWarandconcludethatbetterunderstandingofideoloicalrelationsisachievedthrouhggtheanalsisofmetahorGaoLinaLiuFenLiuin2010.yp(,g,Qg,)Itisnotuntiltheyearof2013didChinesescholarsstarttostudythetextsandreportsofdomesticissues.TangTin2013identifiestheconcetualmetahorsusedg()ppinthenewsreportsaboutChinesepeasantworkersincities.Dataiscollectedfrom'DPeoplesailyfrom1992to2011.Bidentifinandanalzinthemetahorsintheyygygpnewssheconcludesthatmetahorsareimortantinconstructintheimaeofeasant,ppggpworkers.Throuhtracinthetransformatttttggionofhemeaphorsadopedbyhenews’reortsthedevelotofttttuscanbe.menheeasanworkerssocialsaerceivedp,pppZhangPeiandLiuJinming2014collectarticlesabouthumanritsissuesin()ghChinafromTIME.TheyadoptCMAtheorytoidentifytheusedmetaphorsinthecollected30articlesdatingfromNovember2012toNovember2013.Thendoutthatyfi13 福州大学硕士学位论文issuesabouthumanrightsinChinaareconcetualizedaswarbodypartsnaturalp,,h5penomenon,animals,buildingandjourney.FromthemagazinesmoreattentiononnegativeaspectsandlessreportonpositiveaspectsofChina,theimpliedideologyandstandpointoftheagencyareapparentastheysuestedintheconclusionartoftheirggpresearch.Besidestheachievementsthatforeignanddomesticscholarshaveachievedthe,authoralsoreferstoacademicsearchenginetohaveanoverviewofmetaphorstudy.“”AccordingtothesearchengineCNKI(wwwxnki.net),CriticalMetaphorAnalysis“”andConceptualMetaphorareputinaskeywordstocalculateandexaminethedomesticandforeinresearchonmetahor.Fromthecollectedresultthereareaboutgp,1740ublishedarticlesaboutCMAabroadwhiletheresearchesinChinaarelesswithp,thabout700intotalbthedateofJune202015.Althouhtherehavebeensomey,gscholarswhodevotethemselvesintheintroductionandapplyofCMAtheoryandhaveachievedsomeaccomlishmentssstematicandcreatedresearchesonthisfieldarep,ycomarativelfew.Utillnowtherearestillroomstoimroveeseciallinthepyp,ppycomarativeanalsttstturalback.pyisofexfromdifferenculgrounds2.4PreviousResearchofMetahorinIllnessDiscoursepAswhathasbeendiscussedaboveCMAismainlfocusedontheoliticalreorts,yppandseechesorcontroversialevents.Throuhmetahorsideoloicalmeaninandpgp,ggpowerrelationscanbeperceived.Metaphorsareadoptedbythespeakertoevokeemotions,persuadeaudience.However,therearecomparativelyfewresearchesatttt.Inttttlinhisheoryoheillnessdiscoursehissecionwefirslexamineheppyg,yw’’esternscholarsstudyofmetaphorinillnessdiscoursefollowingwhichChinasresearchinthisfieldisincluded.Sontagisthefirstfigurewhointroducesmetaphorstudytoillnessdiscourse.Shestartedtheresearchonillnessviametaphorsfromtheyearof1978whenherarticleIllnessasMetaphorinBookReviewofNewYorkwaspublished.Oneyearlater,anotherarticleAIDSandItsMetaphorswaspublishedsuccessively.Inthesetwoarticles,Sontagexaminestheprocessofhowillnessisconceptualizedbymetaphorsinsociety,suchastuberculosisAIDSandcancer.Sontafindsthatillnesshadraduallshifted,ggyfromamerelyphysicalsicknesstoattitudesofmoralcriticism(Sontag,1978).Shetriestoseparateillnessfrommetaphoricalthinkinganddeconstructedthesocialmeaningofillnessfromideoloicalersectiveerthesesaimodisclosetheveonnessgpp.Htilill14 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivediscourseanderadicatemetahoricalthinkinonillnessasfarasossiblepgp.theatstMontmeryidentifiesdotedmetahorsinillnessdiscourseandsueshatppggmetaphorsusedinillnessdiscoursecanbefurtherdividedintothreecategories:military,biologicalandmedical.Militarymetaphortakeswarasthesourcedomainanduses-warrelatedwordstodescribethebiologicalreactionofhumanbody.Thediseaseistregardedasenemy.Biologicalmetaphorakeshumanbodyasmachinewhichcanresonsetoanstimulationoutsidethebod.Medicatpyylmetaphorregardshediseaseasdifficulttoexplainandthediseaseisdepictedasdevilormysteriousorganism.ElenaSeminoresearcheshowmetaphorworksduringthecommunicationbetweenmedicalworkersandatientsShetriestousecorus-basedanalsissoftwaretoreveap.pylthepowerofmetaphorinillnessdiscourse.Attentionisaidtothecareofferedtothepatientsbeforetheirdeath.WorkinwithhercolleauesJohnandMicksheexlorespg,g?pthemethodologicalproblemsintheanalysisofmetaphorsinacorpusofconversationsaboutcancerSemino2004.Laterin2008cooeratinwithVeronikashealies(,),pg,ppsemanticannotationtooltoanalysismetaphorincorporaofdifferentgenreswithintheframeworkofconcetualmetahoranalsisSemino2008.Sheconcludesthatppy(,)atentionshouldbepaidtotheproblemsexistingintheidentificationofmetaphoricalexressionsndiscourse.AsaresultsheantherraleazroumemberstepidoPGdevo,ggjpthemselvestotheidentificationrocessofmetaoricalexressionsindiscourse.pphpTherearemanyotherscholarsstudymetaphorsinillnessdiscourseandhaveachedtifulaccomlishments.scholarsshowacademicctohetientsievplenpSomearetpaandproposesuggestionforconstructingsocialillnessdiscourse.Brandt(1988)studiesthesocialmeaningofepidemicdiseasethroughthemetaphorsusedinAIDSdiscourse.PaandAe-maanddrkergglton2002exporetheHIV/AIDSrelatedstiiscrimination()lgbexaminationoftheconceptualmetahorframeworksuggestinthatmoreyp,gmeasurementsshouldbetakentoimprovethereportsonAIDS.CichockiandMark(2009)extendmetaphorstudyinillnessdiscoursetothesociologyandcommunicationsc-tience.Nielsen2014focusesonthefeelinsofHIVinfectedaientsthrouhcross()gpgsectionalanalysisoftheadoptedmetaphors.JenniferBarraclough(1999exloresthe)ppsychologicalfactorsthatinfluencetheatientswhocatchcancer.pComparedwithAIDSandCancer,thestudyinthepublicemergencyhealthevent5graduallyattractsmanyscholarsattention.ForexampleWallisPatrickandNerlich,Brigitte(2005)sortouttheruleofmetaphoruseinSARSnewsreportsoftheEnglishmedia,inwhichtheCMAtheoryandresearchmethodssuchasconstructingcorporabythemselveshavebeenskillfullyused.51 福州大学硕士学位论文InsummarresearchesonAIDSandcancerhavebeendevelopeduitewellandy,qSARS-Howeverrelatedstudyistillongoin.thereismuchroomforimrovementong,pfurtheranalsisofublichealthemerencies.Asaresulttheresentresearchwillmakeypg,pefforttoidentifytheadoptedconceptualmetaphorsandrevealthehiddenideological-andowerrelationsinEbolarelatednewsreorts.ppDomesticresearchonillnessdiscoursestartedaftertheoutbreakofSARS.SARSdldiseasewhichsedalotofdeathinChinaintheearof2003Itistheisaeadycauy.inearofCheneitranslatedSonta^IllessasmetahortohineseAsy2003whengWgnpC.soonasthetransatonversonwasublisheditcausedaheatediscussionnacademcliipdii,researchonillnessdiscourseSongtag2003.Thestudonmetahorswhichare(,)ypadoptedinillnessdiscoursebeginstorowraidl.gpySunWenboandHuKai2010studtherelationshibetweenillnessmetahor()yppandmoralcriticismmoralemotionandmoralattitudes.Variouskindsofdiseasesare,searchedfromtheangleofthekindsofmetaphorsadoptedandthediscriminationtowardspatientsinillnessdiscourse.TheyconcludethatillnessisnotevilinnaturebutMdistortedbymetaphoricalexpressionsandmetaphoricalthinking.etaphorsendowthediseasewithidentityandevenersoniftheillnessasdevilandmonster.Thecallforpyy-themetaphoricfreeviewtowardsillnessreports.BesidestheoreticalstudofmetahorsinillnessdiscourseChineseschoarsypl,“”“”combinethetheorwitharticulartexts.Ifutillnessandmetahoraskewordsypppy,theresultofsearchingpresentedonthewebsiteofCNKIfrom2005to2015(uptoJunend’22,2015)shows41resultsintotal.Thereare32journalarticle,8Mastersthesesand1Doctoraldissertation.Researchesonillnessmetaphorcanbemainlydividedintotwotes-:thestudofilnessliteraturethestunessinnoniteratureypylintextsanddyofillltexts.Asforthestudyofillnessinliteraturetexts,GuGuanmei(2006)studiesthemetaorsinfemaeillnessdiscoursewitthecasestudoftreesrtstoriesofphlhyhhoChesemodememaeteratureLBifan2009sesthesoco-cuurametaorinflli.ig()tudiiltlphconnotationofmetaphorsinTheBlindAssassin.LiuChuanxia(2011)studiesthebodypoliticalmetaphorfromtheillnessinChineseliteraturefrom1950to1970.Generallyspeakingscholarsaretofindouttheillnesscontainedinliteraturetextsandfiirtherto,explaintheconnotationoftheillness.Ates-terattetsforhtudyofillnessinnonliurexLiDun2012studiesthecaseof,()anAIDS-ttmentHetinfecedteacherandhelawsconcernedaboutemploy.triesorevealtheinequalitiestowardstheAIDSpatientsandstrivesforprotectingthemfrombeing16 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivebullied.LiRong2007studiesillnessmetaorfromenderersective.WanJiuan()phgppgyandWangJianchengexaminetheillnessmetaphorsinmovienarration.TianHailongisthe&stscholarwhosystematicallcombinesCMAtheorwithyy-illnessrelatedreorts2004.HeintroducesdiscursivemethodstoSARSdiscourseandp()concludesthatmetaphorplaysimportantroleinhelpingscholarstounderstandthepowerrelationsandideologyinthediscourse.HisstudentssuchasZhuYingyingandDonhonHea-gYinfollowhistheoreticalframeworkanddoresearclthcareReform’casesandH1N1reportsinChina.SomepostgraduatestudentsfromJianUniversityandHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyalsomakecontributiontoillnessmetaphorstudy.TosummarizethestudofillnessfrommetarersectiveinChinais,yphoppcomparativelylate.Thereisstillalotofroomforimprovement.ThesystematicstudyoftiiemetaphorsusedinillnessdiscourseespeciallyinpublichealthemergenciessuchasEbolastillneedstobeimroved.p2.5SummaryThischapterhasrovidedabriefliteraturereviewofmetahorfromtraditionalppviewtocontemporaryviewwhichisthebasistounderstandCMATheory.Andthen,bothwesternanddomesticresearchonCMAanditsapplicationinillnessdiscourseareillustrated.Atpresent,CMAstudieshavemadeoutstandingimprovementsinthewestandenjoyedaswiftdevelopment.However,thereisalotofroomtobeimprovedin^Ch-ina.CharterisBlacksCMAtheorydrawslargelyupontheConceptualMetaphorTheorofLakoffandJohnsoneseciallyinthestaeofmetahoridentificationandy,pgpinterpretation.CMAalsoborrowscriticalperspectivefromCDAtheory.The’methodo_logyfordataanalysisadoptedinthisstudynamelytheCharterisBlacks,frameworkofCri-ticalMetahorAnalysisbasedonselfbuiltcorusismadeuofpp,pmetaphoridentification,interpretationandexplanation.Itisworthwhiletomentionthattheinterpretationpartisthemostimportantconnectionduringwhichtheanalysisshiftsfrommerelymetaphorlanguagedescriptiontotheanalysisofvariousfactorsthatinfluencethechoiceofmetaphor,namelyfrommetaphoridentificationtometaphorexlanation.p17 福州大学硕士学位论文-ChaterThreeMetahorsinEbolarelatedNewsppReortspTTiischapterfocusesonidentifying,interpretingandexplainingofmetaphorsinxaccord-thetetsingtotheCMATheoryproposedbyCharterisBlack.Theprimeconcernofthisstageistofirstlyresentthelexisandtypesofmetaorsintheselectedpphnewsreports,leavingfurtheranddeeperanalysistobemadeinInterpretationstageandExplanationstageofmetaphor.Acomparisonofmetaphorsusedindifferentcorporaisincludedinthelasttwostagesofmetaphoranalysis.Throughquantitativeandqualitativeanalysis,thischapteristoanalyzetheideologicalpowerofmetaphor,tosummarizeideoloicalfiinctionsofmetahorsadotedinillnessdiscourseandtogppidentifymultiplefactorsinfluencingthechoiceofcertainmetaphors,suchascognitive,ragmaticculturalandhistoricalfactors.Secificexamlesareiveninthischater.p,ppgp3.1MetaphorIdentificationFirstofalltheresentresearchshouldmakeclearofhowmetahorsareidentified,ppandclassified.Aswhathasmentionedaboveinthedatacollectionpart,thecorporaareselectedfromthreeofficialwebsitesofthecorrespondingnewsaencies.Afterallthegsamplesaredownloadedandsortedoutaccordingtothecriteriaofanalyzabilitymetahorabundancedereearticlelenthandthemerelevancethestudusescorus(pg,g),ypresearchsoftwareAntconc3.2.4tosearchthekewordsandlocatethecorresondinypgsentences.UsingAntconcisthe&ststepofanoverviewofthemetaphortypes.Threecorporaareselectedandinputtothesoftware.Fromthekeywordlistfreuencand,qyenessofwordsanoverv-kyiewofthemetaorusaeinEbolarelatednewsis,phgpresentedseeFiure3.1.1.AdotincorussoftwareisconvenientandefBcientin(g)pgpivingtheresentthesisaninstantoverallviewofalltheselectedtextsandthentosortgpoutthemetaphortesforthefollowinste.ThesecondsteisfollowinMIPshortypgppg(forMetahorIdentificationProceduresaMethodforidentiinmetahoricallusedp,fygpywords-indiscourseroosedbPraleazGrou:1)Readtheentiretextdiscourse)ppyggjp(toestablishaeneralunderstandinofthemeanin2Determinethelexicalunitsinggg;() ̄thetextdiscourse3aForeachlexicalxmitinthetextestablishitsmeaninin;()(),g18 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivecontextbForeachlexicalunitdetermineifithasamorebasiccontemorary,,()pmeanininothercontextsthantheoneintheivencontextcIfthelexicalunithasagg,()morebasiccurrentdecidewhetherthecontextualmeanincontrastswiththebasic,gmeaninbutcanbeunderstoodincomarisonwithit.4Ifesmarkthelexicalunitasgp(),ymetaoricaPraleazrou2007-D:35.Theseventheitionoffordctonarsphl(ggjGp,)dOxiiyiadoptedastheauthoritativereferencetodeterminewhetherthelexicalunitsaremetahoricalornot.ThrouhwordbwordreadinandfollowinMIPthenewpgygg,metaphorscanbetaggedaswellwhichisuitedifferentfromoverallviewofthesearchqsoftware.HiitsKewordTesBeforeCut:6360KeAordTesAfterCu:335丨t||[jyyp丨^yp|RankFreqKeynessLLKeword()y21233249.800experiznental21333249.800fight21433243_800percent;21533249.800ersonp21£48245_4£3do21732242.230efforts21332242.230experts21932242-;.230qiiaranti.ne22032242.230worstFiure3.1OverviewofKewordListgyMostoftewordsfromcorus-sesoftwareAntcareexcudedusehekypbadConlbecaoftheirfragmentationbutthesoftwarehelpsthepresentresearchalottohaveanpreviewofthemetaphortypesthatthecorpushasadopted.ThekeywordlistisfurtherprocessedwiththeguidanceofMIP.Morecompletemetaphoricalexpressionsareaddedintothekeywordlistandsomeirrelevantorlessirrelevantkeywordsaredeletedudinfromthesemantictensioncausedbthekewords.Kewordswiththesame(jggyy)yorclosedmeaningsareclassifiedasthesametypeofmetaphorkeywordswhichcanbeseenfromthetablesofkewordsandfreuenciesnSection.rootformsofyqi32.Theverbsareadoptedwhensomewordshavetransformedtoothertenses.Asaresult,combiningAntConcresearchandMIP,thepresentresearchsortsthemetahorkeywordsoutanddoesuantitativeresearchoftke.Filtphesewordsrst,eqyyypthekeywordasthesearchtermofAntConc.Allthecorporaareexaminedandtherelatedsentencesthatcontaintheresearchkewordareresented.SecondlSDandTDypy,ofmetaphorarebothconsideredinordertoidentifymetaphoricalexpressionsfrom“”non-hoicalressmetarexionsorexamleifwetefitastheresearchkewordpp.Fp,ypghy,“”sentenceslikeChinesemedicalteamsworkwithgovernmentstofightEbolaand19 福州大学硕士学位论文u55AmericahassenttroopstofightinIraqwillappearinthewordconcordancewindowwMseeexamleoffihtinFiure3.2.2.Judinfromourcommonexeriencethe(.1)pggggp,"'59SDoffightinthefirstsentenceiswarandtheTDismedicalrescue.Accordingto“”“OxfordDictionary,fightmeansagainstsomebodytotakepartinawarorbattle“”6tagainstanenemy'However,thecontextualmeaningoffightinthiscaseistotake”“”thediseaseincontrol.Asaresultweconcludethatfihtinthefirstsentencecauses^gC455semantictensionbecausethecontextualmeaningoffihtcontrastswithitsbasicg"95meanin.Tobesecificfihtinthissentenceissummarizedasmetahoricaluse.gp,gp“”Thecontextualmeaninoffihtinthesecondsentenceissamewithitsbasicggw5meaning.Nosemantictensioniscaused.Thusfihfinthesecondsentenceisliteral,gandnon-mxetahorical.Iftheeressionsareidentifiedasmetahoricalusetagthemppp,andclassifythemaccordingtometaphortype.Lastlyaftertaingallthemetahorical,ggpexpressions,frequencyofeachmetaphorsincorrespondingcorusarecalculated,whichpcanbeseenintheTable3.1.Thestatisticsinthelistedtablebelowisessentialforftirtheranalsisofmetahoruseintheresentthesis.yppTable3.1MaorMetahorsinThreeCororajppConceptualMetaphorExampleCDCWPCSANCTotalWarMetaphorfight27823722674157.9%57.8%59.3%CriminalMetaphorcharge79627321416.5%15.1%192%ObstacleMetahorrevent595830147pp12.3%14.1%7.9%ReligionMetaphoraegis342232887.4%8.4%.1%5DramaMetahorrole30312068p6%.6%5.2%.27Total480410381100%100%100%Table3.1showsanoverallictureofthemaorconceptualmetahorswhicharepjpusedinChinaDailyrusTheWashingtonPostCorusandSouthAicaNews24Cop,pfrCorus.Accordintothistable,5maormetahorsintotalarefoundfromthecollectedpgjpsourcedata.AmontiiesemetahorsWarMetahoroutnumbersothermetahorsalogp,pptwhichalsoindicatesthelanguaefeaturesandconitiveframesofillnessreorts.IthasggptobemadeclearthatthedeadmetahorsincludinORIENTATIONMETAPHORandpgBODY4t,56tMETAPHORsuchasthetotaldeathisuto152andtheheadofthe,p20 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivemedicalareexcludedintheresentresearch.ThereasonisthatwecannotfindpanythingnewinusingthesemetaphorssincesomanyscholarssuchasLakoffandJohnsonhavementionedandresearchedthemindetailalready.Theresentresearchisptoexlorefromfivemaoridentifiedmetahors:WarMetahorCriminalMetahorpjpp,p,ObstacleMetaphor,ReligionMetaphorandDramaMetaphor.Keywordsofeachmetaphorcanbeseenfromthetableinthecorrespondingsection.AccordingtoTable3.1,asformetaphornumberintotal,CDCnewsreportsusescomparativelymoremetaphorsthantheothertwonewsagenciesandSANCusestheleastmetahorsIttthtt..nWarMeahorhereecororaarealmosinhesamesharepp,pSANCoutnumbersinCriminalMetaphor,however,takingtheleastamountinObstacleMetaphorandDramaMetaphor.WPCusesthemostObstacleMetaphorwhencomparedtoothertwocorpora.WecanseefromthetablethatWarMetaphortakesmorethanhalfoftheidentifiedconcetualmetahorsinallcororawhichindicatesthatallthethreeaenciesppp,gconceptualizetheconfrontingofemerencublicillnesseventasfacinacatastrohicgypgp“”“”“”“”war.Warlanuaeincludeskewordslikewarfihtcombatbatleandsoonggy,g,,,whtttt.ichcanbeseenfrequenlyinhereortsofheillnessevenspCriminalMetaphorisanothercategoryofmetaphorsthatareusedfrequentlyinthreenewsreortswhichtakesumorethan15%ofallconcetualmetahors.Ebolap,pppvirusisregardedascriminalwhokillstheinnocent.ThemedicalteamswhodealwithEbolaareconsideredasolicetotraceandarrestthefleeinoffender.Kewordsofpgy“”“”“”CriminalMetahorarekillfleedetectandsoon.p,,ObstacleMetaphorimpliesthattherearemanydifficultiesinillnessimrovinandpgkeepingdiseaseincontrol.Themainobstaclestothemedicalstafsarefromovertpy,ilitttindiscpineandnnocence.Theobsaclesthapreventhediseasefromspreadingismedicaleducattt.ionvaccineandoherillnessrevenionmeasures,pThebiggestdifferencecomesfromReligionMetaphor,inwhichthewesternChristiansiritisintroducedtothenews.HoweverinChineseculturetheReliionp,,gM'etaphormainlyreferstothefaithandspiritofthePeoplesLiberationArmy.Thedetailedanalysiswillbepresentedintheinterpretationandexplanationparts.ThroughDramaMetaphorwecanseethateachcountrtriestodescribetheirnationaccordin,ygtotheroletheyarepursuingintheEbolaoutbreak.Chinaregardedherselfas“”“”“”peacekeeper,AmericatheleadingroleandAfricathehelpedinrescueaction.Generallyspeaking,thereisnotmuchdifferenceofthemainmetaphorsadoptedinthethreecorora.Howeversubtledifferencesareshowninthesamemetahorwhichp,p,21 福州大学硕士学位论文tttoftetaismanifesedinhedifferenemphaseshemphoricalexpressionsanddifferentculturalinterretationsofteta.Intectmetthemhorhefollowinsionsahorofhefiveppg,pcategorieswillbeelaboratedinamoredetailedwayinordertorevealthedifferencesandsimilaritiesofsaehineerandAicannewsaenc.metaphoruginCseAmicanfries,g3.2MetaphorInterpretationandExplanationMetaphorinterpretationisconcernedwithinterpersonalmeaning,thatis,“”ttttsttttttidenifyingheypeofsocialrelaionhaareconsrucedhroughmeaphorsCharter-Bl2004Thitttstttisack:36.sarinerremeahorsaccordinomeahor(,)pppgpcategories.Therearefivemajorconceptualmetaphorstobeanalyzed.Inordertohaveadetailedexaminationofthemetaphors,eachconceptualmetaphorisfurtherdividedinto-casThimtesbetweenwoinswllbeanedtsubtegorie.esilariitdomaiexplinoonlyfromteraeanintalsothetextuersecteTable31intstlilmg,bufromconalppiv..heaboveecionhasprovidedanoverallpictureofmetaphorclassificationsandfrequencies.Table3.2.1toTable3.2.5respectivelydemonstratemetaphorkeywordsofeachmetaphorcategoryandprovidewithfrequenciesincorrespondingcorpora.Column1toColumn6respectivelyshowstheconcetualmetahorcategorymetaorkewordsandtheirpp,phyfrequenciesintotalandinCDC,WPCandSANC."etaorxanatonconcernettextualmeannsttsexanMphEpliisdwihig,hai,pliinghowmetaphorsareinterrelatedandbecomecoherentreferringtothesituationwherethey”occurCharteris-Black2004Itelteementofsoc:35.xporeshinvolvialrousand(5)gpsocialagenciesintheroductionofconcetualmetahorsandexlainshowmetaorppppphersuaseuntonaceved.errntrevousearchonmetarexatonpivfciishiRefigopiresphoplani,theresentstudanatete-retmetastpylyzeshidenifidEbolalaedphorfromheangleofsociaackrounsandteiscursveuroses.lbgdhdipp3.2.1WarMetaphort4^KeywordsandfrequenciesthatfallinthecategoryofWarMetaphorareshown“”“”“”“”inTable3.21ttwitare..Warlanuaesuchasvictorfihconflicandhdrawggy,g,frequentlyusedinthereortstodescribethefierceandbloodinsceneofEbolamedicalpgrescue.Basedonthestatisticsofthistable,SDandTDofthemetaphorareillustratedInWarMetaphor,thesourcedomainiswar.WarlanguageisusedtodescribetheEbolaoutbreak.Aswhatisindicatedfromthetablebelow,thediseaseisregardedasthe22 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveenemytofightwith,whilethehumanbodybecomingthebattleground.Inthebattleground^thefightersarethemedicalteamwithmedicaltreatmentasweapons.The5victimsarethehumansbodiesandtheirhealth.Thevimsbreaksdownhumanimmunesystemandattackshumanorgans.Iftheatientscannotendurethefiercebattlethep,yarelikelytobedefeatedandlosetheirlives.Thehumanbodiesareoccupiedbythevirus.ThemappingscanbeiurtherelaboratedasFigure3.2.1shows.Table3.2.1KeywordsandFrequenciesofWarMetaphorConceptualKeyWordsFreuencFreuencyFreuencFreuencqyqqyqyMetaphorinCPCinWPCinSANC402227Warcampain/war/battle/combat89gMetaphor/forefront/frontlinetroop/army/military/ally/force6021336victim/sacrifice8293340/survivor/survivevictory/fail/failure/defeat126433152/lose/loss/recover/disaster/crisis/effort/impactweapon/equipment221138fight/defense/suffer/strule113572729gg/suport/rescue/trierpggwam/alert/threat/conflict128574625/emerenc/recautiongypdelo/disatch241086pypwithdraw/confront/reverse93283233/ravage/attack/scramble/strengthen/protectstrategy422741278237226SourceDomainTargetDomainFighterThemedicalteamandthegovernmentEnemEboladiseasey’MFightersweaponedicaltreatment’EnemysweaponVirusBattlegroundThehumanbodyDefenseProtectivemeasuresBeingdefeatedDyingFigure3.2.1MappingsofWarMetaphor23 福州大学硕士学位论文3.2.1.1TheDiseaseisEnemyAstheSDofwarindicatestheremustbeatleasttwooonentsinawar.Inthe,pp9waragainstEbolathediseaseisreardedasenem.Theenemsowerfulweaonis,gyyppitsinfectiousvirus.Thevirusissomihtythatanhumanbodycatchesitbyincidentgy,heislikelytolosehislifeinthisbattle.SomeexamplesarelistedinthebelowfromwhichwecanperceivehowEbolavirasisdepictedasruthlessenemy(wordsdescribingEbolaareinitalics.)6t55feaur1EidemicotheddlyEbolavirsinWestAfricaisnowoutofcontol.CDC()p()L'2iberiaalsorameduitseffortstoslowthevirulentdiseasessreadshuttin()ppp,gdownschoolsandorderingmostublicservantstostahomefromwork.CDCpy()3Someeoleterrifiedthattheincurablediseasewillsreadhereasithasin()pppwesternAfrica.WPC()4Theviruscanellitsvictimswithinrfasdeliverinseveremusclein()fy,gpa,'headachesvomitindiarrhoeaandinmostcasesunstoablebleedinastheatients,g,,,ppgporgansbreakdownandseepoutoftheirbodies.SANC()(5FeverisoneoftiieearliestsinsofEbola,aviruswithoutcureandatbesta50)gercenti.pchanceofsurvvalWPC()FromtheadjectivesthatdescribeEboladiseaseinex扭nple(1)toexample(3),onethingiscertainthatEbolaasanenemyiscruelandruthless-Itistherepresentativeof“’’“””‘deathbolaisdeadlVirulentandincurable.Themihtweaonoftheenem.Ey,,gypyistheinfectiousvirasasindicatedinexample(4)thattheviruscanincubatewithinthehumanbodyforafewdaysquietlyandgraduallydamagethehumanimmunesystemtocauseaseriesofsmtomssuchasmuscleainheadachevomitindiarrhoeaandypp,,g,externalbleeding.Theenemyiscunninganduntraceable.Asexample(5)shows,thevirusastheweaonoftheenemycancausedeadlresulttotheatientswhoarevictimspyp5ofthewar.Thevictimssurvivalchanceis50%atbestwhichmeansthatonceinfectedbthishorribleenemthevictimishoelesstostayaliveifwithoutanmedicalcare.yy,pyMoreexamplesoftheconsequencecausedbytheenemyandhowthereportsconceptualizethisenemyarelistedasfollows.Allthekeordsareinitalics.yw(6)TheEbolavirusposesaravechallenetothemedicalinfrastructureandtotheggabilitofAfricanynationstocoe.CDC)p(7Thisisavirusthatisa决mi,toallhumanit.SANC()y()deharde-t8)Thelearsofthesthinationsalsoaealedformorehelwiththe(ppp,^restrseanerrorpidenofSierraLeonecallingtheEbolavirus^othtism.SANC()24 AComarativeAnalsisnEbolaNewRertsfromCriticalMetahorAnalisPersectivpyospopyspe9.HOlredhecurrenEreasubcaemerenc..Wofficialydeclattbolaoutbkalihelthgy()pofinternationalconcern.WPC()10ThsubcealhdisaserisnoonlarlWesAwarniniplihtttypobemfortfricabutag()oewholalarmtthleworldthatalobaeortisneededtoaddressthecrisis.CDCgjf()IntheaboveexamplesEbolaisdescribedaschalleneandthreat.Theenem,gychaenestemedicacaresstemofewesternAfrca.ReortsfromuthAicallghlythipSofrregardEbolaasthreattoallhumanityandcomparesittoterrorism.According“”toourunderstandingallhumanitincludeshumanallovertheworld.Ifthediseaseis,yregardedasachallengetoallhumankind,wecanperceivethegreatmightyoftheenemy.ThepurposeofdepictingEbolainthiswayistoraisepeoplednoticeandeffortstopreventthespreadofthediseaseinotherwordstoreducethescaletheinfluenceof,,’theenemysauthoritativescale.TerrorismisatopicthathascausedheateddiscussionamongtheworldespeciallyaftertheattackofAmerican911incident.Theseyearsmeasuresa-wainstterrorismhaveinvolvedworldideefforts.Examplesueststheg(8)ggdiseaseisworsethanterrorismandthenitimliesthefactthateffortsofuttinEbola,ppgundercontrolreuireallthenationsaroundtheworldtotakeartin.Asaresultqp,''example9andexamle10reardtheEbolaoutbreakasublichealthemerencof()p()gpgy”“”“ubiiinternationaconcernandlchealthdsasterthatlobaleffortsneededtolpgi”addressthecrisis.Fromexampletoexample10thearticiantsinthewar(6)(),ppaanstEboaextendfromwesternAicaEboa-infectetriestoaltnationsingilfrldcounlhe-theworld.Theenemreuiresworldwideeffortstoconuerbecauseofmhtyyqqitsigpowerandfastpaceinincreasingitsvictims.InsummarytheEboladiseaseisreardedasadeadlandvirulentenemtothe,gyywesternAfrcancountrestothefricaandeventhewholeword.ThisenemstooiiAli,,ypowerfulwithitsinfectiousandkillingvirus.Itisregardedasthreat,challenge,terrsmancr-oridisis.WorldwideeffortsarerequiredtotakethisenemytheEbola(diseaseincontrol.)3.TheMedicaleamt.21.2TisFigherInordertoachievetriumphofthebattleagainstEbolafihtersarethemost,gimortantfactors.Inthenewsreortsthemedicalteamsarethemostfreuentlpp,qymentionedfihters.Moreovertheovernmentandtheatientsaredeictedasfitersg,gppghaswellExamttF3.2.12..plesoffighersarelisedinigure.“”Fromthefigure,thesubjectsoffightaremainlydividedintotwogroups:the25 福州大学硕士学位论文medicalteamandtheovernment.Themedicalteamincludesdoctorsnursesmedicalg,,expertsandprofessionaldiseaseworkers.Allofthemareendowedwiththemissionofinithebattlenameltofihtaainsttheenemofthei.Asfihtthwnngvruserseare,yggyg,yequippedwithmedicalknowledgeandmedicaldevices.Theotherbiggestgroupsofftttt-tighersaregovernmenandhesocialorganizaionsuchasnongovernmenaloranization.Herethearedescribedassuortinfihterssincetherovidefoodsgyppggyp,ssaroodsandotheradministrativesuortstothefront-iwherethemedicalneceygpplneteamsarefihtingg.HitKWCnesemedicalteamstaysinX---一1said.Chiiberiatofight;Eisola20140B02LASOSwillcotofi"2weverircinuelostainthecoxintrrcChevirusandhelplocsli,yYgipomis&dtoexpandcooerationnreventinandtheescvim3,pipgdlilyrus.Airii:43weasclcr±neandcrherroe-dicin.estahelp:eseaseinasnnounc?llhSightthdi.Ch5Le.Qnetohelp*threeWe3rAfr±c3ncroimtriesfight;theoirttoresfcofnatialsreaof>oaneseexertsoinatol-;SHANJUAlJ£onpd,Eil.Chipj£igh.tga±.nsEbaBy">oa—affecteesfzricsncciira:2:iesoel::eeavirusItise7StldWCAtrhpfigh.tth.ddly.th"'8ChinesemedicalCeamsworkwiliovernmeritstofih-—cggcStoolsUpd>stedi20140812ih'*4*3iialecoredssecialexerrieneenirhviroh±itasrdh±.±Sigiting.eusn.smicro,pp3uineaereax'enesemecalworkersn3ttheorefronIQthdi;QeG38Chifightiftfth,g11narakesrh.eleadinsidingWestAfricainitsfigtiragainst;EbolaSource:e.n.nh.312ndpublichealthprofessionalsnohelpLiberia£ighcagainstSbola.Whensomaft13onalpartnerswh.oaregivingLiberiaahandinSightingagainstEt>ola.Chijiais14ndtheChinesepeoleevenssshewasbusnfihtinsainsrrh.eSt>Qlaepideip,yiggg15itarianaidisanencouragement:foxLiberiatorightagainstEbcIs_PresidentS:1£dearegarding?climarechange,foo<issfety,thefight;against:th.e?Si>Qla?virxisan<""17gsaidonWednesdaytiiat;Chinaispreparedtofigh.1:sidebysidewithWesrA£i“”Figure3.2.1.2TheConcordanceoffightW9hendescribingapatientsstrugglingwiththevirussymptomsandtryingtorecovertheatientisalwasreardedasbravefihterinthebattleaainstthedeadl,pygggydisease.Effortsthatthepatienthimselforherselfmakescanbeindicatedfromthefollowingexamleswithallthekewordsinitalics.py1Aaronust18monthsoldsliedawaafewhoursearliertooountohtthe(),,pp,jyygfigdeadlvirusamliinnsehiinbod.SANypfygiidstyyC()(2)VictoriaYillahwasdischargedfromhospitalintheeasterncityofKenemaonSundayafterhoveringforweeksbetweenlifeanddeathbattlingthetropicaldisease.SANC()3--Carrlinoutahomeandcommunitbasedcamaintotrainocaloulations()ygypgpponhowohandleexosedaients.CDCtppt()4Asarofsresonseoeoureancefsamorean2()ptitptthtbk,Uiidth,500EbolasurvivorsinSierraLeonenowimmunetotheviruswillbetrainedtocareforuarantinedqchildren.SANC()(5)Fornow,patientsaregivenintravenousfluids,antibioticsandbloodtransfusions26 AComaratilsRlpveAnayisonEbolaNewseportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnaysisPerspectiveoelerimmunemhtackWPCththisystesb.pfig()(6)KentBrantly,anAmericandoctorworkingtotreatEbolapatientsinLiberia,hadbecomeaatienthise.Hstrulinsurviveinarepmlfewasweakandgggtoablyadeuate.WPCqisolationward()Thefightersmaysurviveiftheywininthebattleagainsttheenemy,ordieiftheylose.Inexample(1),thechildwhosenameisAaronwasdeadduetohisfailinginfightingthevirus.Theyoungfighterisonly18monthsoldwhoseimmunesystemisstilltooweaktodefendhimselffrombeingattackedbythevirusorenemyinotherwords.Howeverinexamle2Victoriawasdischaredforshesuccessfulldefeated,p(),gythevimsandwonthebattle.Shewasapproachingdeathwhenconfinedtothebedinthehostalbutwthstronwlltosurviveherimmunesstemfoutackandaveder.piigi,yghbshInordertoconstructaunitfrontagainsttheenemy,morefightersshouldbeputintothebattle.Asaresultthecommoneoethesurvivorsofthevirusandeolearoundthe,ppl,ppworldareincludedinthescaleoffightersasexample(4)shows.Anybodywhoisinfectedwiththedisease,theywillputtheirhopeontheirimmunesystemtofightbackassuggestedinexample(5).Anyway,theimmunesystemisthelastdefenselineandhopeoftheirlives.Thedoctorsandnursesarelikelytobecomeatientsinreverseifhephorsheisinfectedlikeexample6.TeAmericandoctoristheticalexample.Helost()yphisroleasadoctorfighterandbecameapatientfighter.Thebattlefieldhaschanged’fromhisatientsbodiestohisownbodyfortheAmericandoctor.Hestruggedastoplwnandurvveisi.Whatfightersfightforarethediseaseandotheraspectsthatthediseasecausessuchasrumorandmisinformation.Examplesareshownasfollows.7Carentiersaidhealthworkershavebeentaretedasthetitobattle()pgyymisinformation,fearanddoubtsoverthevirus*.*(WPC)Healthworkershavehadocombattheno8tionamsomeWestAfricanshatongtt()'thevirusdoesntevenexs.itCDC()Aswhatexample(7)andexample(8)indicate,thehealthworkershavetohandleboththerealbattleaainstEbolaandtherumorscausedbthediseaseinotherwordsgy,tofighttheenemandcopewiththetrickspaedbtheenem.Therumorsareylyyystrategieswhichincludemisinformationaboutthediseaseandfearcausedbythemightyinfectiouspowerofthevirus.Thevirusissodeadlythatallthecommoneoleppwillbescaredandtendtobelievethatiftheliveawafromtheeiccenterthewillyyp,ynotbeinfected.Doubtsandfearsoverwhelmthecommonpeopleamongthecommunit.ySomeevenholdtheoinionthattheenemdoesnotexist.Asaresultthemedicalpy,27 福州大学硕士学位论文teamshavetotacklethissituationandtakeeffectivemeasuresinordertokeepthe,enemincontrol.Theeducatetheatientsandtheatientsfamilies.Graduallalltheyyppy,commoneolearoundtheuarantineareeducated.Theylearntorotectthemselvesppqpfrombeingattackedanddoinstantreactiontohelthenewlinfected.Delihtedlthepygy,newsreportsandtheublicostersonEbolaworkwellinsreadintheknowledeofpppggreventinandtreatinEbola.ThusknowledeaboutEbolavirusbecomesoneofthepgg,g’effectiveweaponstoreventtheenemsatack.pyForthesakeofincreasingthepossibilityofobtaininginitiativeinbattle,fighterstshouldmakeacarefiillanandcarrouttheplaneffectively.Ononehandhehavetopy,ysharentheirweaonsandontheotherhandtostrenthentheirdefensesstemAstsppgy.iiknowntheweaonisthemedicaltreatmentandmedicalknowledeeducation.The,pgdefensesystemincludesrotectivemeasureswiththehumanimmunesstemasthelastpydefenseline.TosummarizefihtersintheEbolarescueandfihtinbattlearethemedical,gggworkerstheovernmenttheatientsandthecommoneole.Howeverthemedical,g,,pppworkersaredettt-ttpicedasthemaorforceinhefronlinewhoarefihinhediseasejggbravel.IftEttsttttheareinfectedandbecomebolaaienhechaneheiridenifromyyp,ygymedicalfighterstopatientfightersandchangetheirbattlefieldfromtheirpatientsto5theirownbodies.Thefightershavetotackletheenemysatackandtricks.Inotherwordsalltheeoleandrousthatarereardedasfihtershavetotakethedisease,ppgpggundercontrolandtakestepstobattlethemisinformationandrumorscausedbythevirus.3.2.1.3TheMedicalTreatmentisWeaponMedicaltreatmentndrotectionareeffectveweaonsforefront-neaiterspipthlifgh.Themedicalworkerswhousetheirrofessionalknowledetocureatientsalsoutpgppthemselvesintheexposureoftheevilenemy.Doctorsandnurseshavetopreventthemselvesfrombeingexposedtothevirusononehandandtotakegoodcareofthe9atientsontheotherhand.Theattttpirbtlefieldisthepatienshumanbodies.Wihheirweaonthehetttstnaansttheventenem.Teweaonmaplheaienfihiiirulhinl,yppgggypycomesfrommedicaltreatmentandmedicalrotection.Medicalknowledeofhowtopgkeepthoseuninfectedawayfrombeinginfectedbythevirusisservedascomplementaryweapon.Thefollowingexamplesshowthatvariouskindsofmedicalmeasuresareconceptualizedasweaponstofighttheenemy.28 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective-1Goodublichealthracticeslocatinandisolatinthesickcontaininthevirus()ppgg,g-twithcordonstostopthechainoftransmissionarestillhebasicwea/w/wagainstadiseasetforwhichthereisnocurevaccineorheraeutic.SANC,p()2Ittookmorethan15yearsoftirelessresearchandmillionsuonmillionsofU.S.()pgovernmentdollarstoroduceafewramsoftheexerimentalEboladruthatmahavepgpgysavedthelivesoftwoU.S.missionariesstrickenbthevirusinWestAfrica.WPCy()(3)Theaimistorecruitatotalof60peoplefortheUKtrialandcompletethetestsbytheendof2014,afterwhichthevaccinescouldbedeployedonanemergencybasis.CDC()(4)Thereisclearlyaneedforthisvaccine,butwhatisnotcleariswhetheritwillwellenouhtorotectfrEbl.CDCworkpsomeoneomoag()?5Brantlandafemaleii…/ecOTem/afteeivinrimtld()ymssonaryrrecanexeenarugpgknownasZMa.SANCpp()Inexamle1thebasicweaonofthefihterisublichealthracticeswhichcanp()?pgppbeincludedinmedicalrotection.Tolocateandisolatehesickwhoconainhedeadltttpyvirusisthefirststeptoatacktheenemypositivelyandpreventthevirusfromdevouringotherinnocents.Thevirusisconsideredastheenemyandshouldbeutintopisolationandwiedout.Inexamle2toexamle5theEboladruhevaccinesandpp()p(),g,ttheexperimentaldrugareallbelontothemedicaltreatment.Theduwhichisservedgg,asthemosteffectiveweaponagainstthemightyenemy,triggersthehumanimmunessemofihbackandhusroecshehumanoransfrombeiiaackedhefinattttttttt.Tlygpg^goaloftheweaponistostimulatethehumandefensesystemtofightandproduce-vantiiralens.Thisfiercebattleisconductinwithinthehumanbody.Asaresultthegg,humanbodyisconceptualizedasthebattlefieldwhichwillbeanalzedinthefollowin,ygsection.Moreovertiiemedicalrotectivemeasuresareconcetualizedasthedefenseline,ppofthebattleaainstEbola.Themeasuresareusuallyreardedaseffectiveweaons.ggp6Guinea^laresthositalwearinlosthehavebouhtatthit()gp,gveerownexenseogygpthemseElvesagainstthebolavirus.SANC()(7)TheChinesepeacekeepingunitshaveequippedtheirmissionpersonnelwithmasksandgloves,andordereddailysterilizationstokeepthecampareashygienic.(CDC)(8)TemperaturechecksfortravelersinWestAfricahaveemergedasthefavored-l-tinelastditchdforcontaininthsadofbolaon,efenseereE.WPCfrgp()9C--()arrinoutahomeandcommunitbasedcampaigntotrainlocaloulationsygypponhowtohandletits.CDCexosedaenpp()29 福州大学硕士学位论文Example(6)andexample(7)showthemedicalprotectivemeasuresemployedbythemedicalstafs.Theloves,masksanddailsterilizationsareessentialforreventingypgthedoctorsandnxirsesfrombeingexosedtothevirus.Forthetravelerstemeraturep,pcheckisthebasicfordetectinheunknownnemahowninexamle.Usig(eyssp(8)ngmedicalknowledgetoeducatethecommunityeoleisalsoimortantforisolatinandpppghandingtheenemyasexample(9)shows.Insummary,weaponstakenadvantagesbythefighters(groupsasmentionedintheabovesection)rangefromthemedicaltreatmentandprotectiontomedicalknowledgeeducationandthedefenseofhumanimmunesystem.Allthemedicalmeasuresareto9stoptheenemysattackingtheinnocentandcurethoseinfectedpatients.Amongalloftheweaonshumanimmunesstemisthelastdefenseline.Whenthelineisconueredp,yq,theatientiskilled.p3.2.1.4TheBodyisBattleroundgInawarthereareenemiesfitersandweaonsusedbbothsidesaswhathave,,ghpybeenidentifiedintheabovesection.Thenweareointodiscussthebattleroundin,gggthewaraainstEbola.Toourconitionbattlefieldisthelaceorlaceswheretwog,g;ppopponentsmeetandfightInabattlethefihtinlacesarealwaschaninand,ggpyggsometimesinaveiysmalllace.InthewaragainstEbola^asdiscussedabove,thepenemisthediseaseandthefihtersarethemedicalteamandgovernmentsincludinyg(gotherroupsmentionedabove.Thetworousmeetwhenthemedicalstaffstreattheg)gpatients.Here,wecandrawaconclusionthatthebattlegroundisthehumanbody.Somepexamplesareickedouttofiirtherrovethismaing.ppppf1Aaronust18monthsoldsliedawaaewhoursearlietooountohtth(),,ppyre,ygjfigdeadlyvirusamplifyinginsidehistinybody.(SANC)2Whentheersonhasustdiedthatiswhenthebodismostctaio…Itis()pj,yongusinwhenthevirusisovertakgthewholebody.WPC()3Mostofheratientssuerseverediarrhoeavomitinandaonisinainastheir()pf,gggporansbreakdown.SANCg()’(4)TheproblemiscompoundedbecauseEbolac肪为rceavictimsbodytoreleaseinfectiousfluidsincludinbloodvomitanddiarrheaeseciallinlaterstaesoftheg,,pygdisease.(WPC)(5)Fornowatientsareivenintravenousfluidsantibioticsandbloodtransfusions,pg,toheltheirimmunesstemshtback..WPCpyfig()30 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveInexample(1),theyoungchildasafightermentionedintheabovesectioncombatswiththeviruswithhisownhumanbodyasthebattlefield.Thisbloodywarbreaksoutwithinhisorans.Herehisimmunesstemisrerdedasthedefenselineg,ygaandeneratestherealowerfulfihter-theantien-tofihtthevirus.Howeverthegpggg,childistooweaktowinthebattle.HefinallyfailswithhislifebeintakenbbolagyEvirus.Hishumanbody,whichisconceptualizedasthebattleground,isoccupiedbytheenemy.Soisexample(2).Thepatientdiesbecausethevirushasovertakenhisbody,andshutdownhisbioloicaloranswhichmeanstheenemhasoccuiedthegg,ypbattlefieldallthefihtersarekilledandallthethinsinthisbattlehavebeentakenb,ggyforce.Fromexample3,wecanseeinthisbattletheatientsaresufferinalot.Facin()pggtheowerfuloonenttheirimmunesstemisinalert.Thisemerencinvasionoftheppp,ygydeadlvirusdefinitelcausesthehumanbodreactstronlsuchasfevervomitinyyygy,,gandothersmtoms.Tosomeextentthebattleroundiswithinthehomelaceoftheyp,gpatientfighter.Nomatterwhattheoutcomeisthebattlefieldisdamaedinsomewa.p,gyAswhatexample(4)says,thisenemytakesoverthebattleroundandmakeseveithingyginamess.Thevirusmakesthebodreleaseinfectiousfluttsyidospreadimightandrulingscaletootherbattlefield.InotherwordsEbolamakesuseoftheinfectedbodies,tosreadthev.Tlipirustothosewhoareuninfectedhussomeoneelsewilbenfectedand,theirbodiesbecomeplacesfortheEbolawar.Theonlysolutiontoendthiswarismakingtheimmunesystemtofightbackasindicatingbyexample(5).Theimmunesstemastheastdefenseneasoeneatesmostowerfuiterstototellilrlfbeaffhy,ggh,penemy.Theconceptualmappingoftheimmunesstemhasbeendiscussedintheaboveysection.’Tosummarizethebatleroundisthevimsho.Tttstoldersbodiesheaienhave,gpfihtaswellasendurintheanttt.Thggicofmakinheirbodiesasbalefieldeimmunepgsystemwithinhumanbodyservesasthelastdefenselineandorganstoenerateganti-virusenswhicharereardedasthemostowertlttggpjfulfightersohephemwinhebattleandrecoverfromillness.3.2.1.5DyingisBeinDefeatedgAccordingtoourunderstandingofwar,thefinaloutcomeforafighterwhoarticiatesinawarissurvivinorbeindefeated.Ifsurvivinfromthebattletheppggg,fihterstillliveshisorherlifeon..IfdefeatedhefiterisdeadThisishesamecaseg,tghttinthewaragainstEbola.Ifthepaientwinsthevirus,theimmunesystemworksand31 福州大学硕士学位论文rotecmfromenovertakeneorsheisxiredandreturnstoaheaersonptshibig.Hclth.ypOtherwise,thepatientisdevouredbythediseaseandendshisorherlife.1Libild5n/g/fwtoEeransbeforebola".SANC()werearea/似mVeyg容()(2)KentBrantlywasweakands/rwgg/fwgtoinabarelyadequateisolation.WPC()(3)ThoughthevirushasclaimedhundredsoflivesinWestAfrica,thereisnoneedforBeijingresidentstoanic...(CDC)p4WHOsaidthedeadlvirushastakenthelivesofrominentdoctorsderivin()yp,gpthesecountriesnotonlofexeriencedanddedicatedmedicalcarebutalsoofinsirinyppgnationalheroes.CDC()Inexamle(1)thecommoneolehavetoJBhtinordernottobeinfectedbp,ppgyEbolavirus.Theydonothaveanwillandcouraetotouchtheenem.Althoutheygyghyhavenotbeentakenbythevirustheliveinanicandfear.Thearestrulin,ypygggbecausethereportsonthediseasearetoobloodyandthevirusitselfistoohorribletogetclosedto.Likeexample(2),thedoctorwhoisinfectedbythevirusbecomesaatienthiinself.Hehastofihttosurvive.Ifdefeatedheissuretodie.Hisaroachinpg,ppgtodeathcausesfeartohim.ThesituationinAfricaisoorduetotheundevelopedpmedicalinfirastructureandknowledge.Theviruswinsandthenthelifeoftheatientpwillbetaken,suchasexample(3)andexample(4)indicated.TheenemycanbecomparedtodevilduetothecatastropMcaftermathithascausedtothepatients,thenationsandtheworld.’’Insummary,thevirusskillingthepatientsmeanstheenemystriumphanddie5failureofthefighters.Thefightersbeingdefeatedcausesthelossoftheirlives.IftheyarestronandluckyenouhtosurvivethewinthebattleaainstEbola.gg,ygAsallofthemappingsinWarMetaphorhavebeendiscussedabove,thestudyturntoanalyzethehistoricalbackgroundandthediscursivepurposesofadoptingthismetahor.pond-Generallyspeakingnewsreortsiseaseinitsbeinningandlarescale,pggsreadinstaetendtoadotWarMetahorHaoYonhua2008.AsshowninTablepggpp(g,)3.1,WarMetaphorisinthemajorityandtakesupmorethanhalfofalltheusedu55metaphors.WarMetaphor,takingwarasSD?iswidelyusedinourdailylife,suchasMtc55ArgumentisWarNeotiationisWar.?gThewidelyuseofWarMetaphorisduetohumancommonexperiencesofwar.IntheastseveraldecadesChinahasexeriencedmanwars.Nowadastextbooksandp,pyy,--moorotheroutofclassreadingsarerelessconcernedwitiiwarssuchasThe32 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivet-ChAniJaaneseWarandChineseCivilWar.ineseovernmentsloansoficialpgg,5announcementandleadersseechesstillhavethetraceofwarlanuae.Tobeexactlpggy,WarMetaphorhasbecomeamaormetahorincontemorarChineselife.ThejppyChinesehavebeenaccustomedtoconceptualizethingsandeventsfromwarersective.ppAsaresult,themajorityofChinesepeoplearefamiliarwithwarlanguage.TheUnitedStateshaveexperiencedmanywarssincethe1950s,includingwarsinKorea1950-1953V1-1Pan-1Libietnam955975renada1983ama1989990eria(),(),G(),(),1990-1991theGu11Soma1-4Haiti1Boilf99lia992199994snaand(),(),(),(),Herzegovina(1994),Sudan(1998),Afghanistan(1998),Yugoslavia(1999),Afghanistan(2001andIra2003.Reortsofthesewarscanbeseeninever)q()pynewsaerandtelevisionnewschannel.ConseuentltheAmericaneoleareppqy,ppfamiliarwithwarlanguageaswell.AsfortheAfricancountries,theyhavebeenexeriencindeclarewaronothercountriesforalotof.pgwarfordecades.ThereasonsySomalitstAfi.CottwithiraescanbereardedaroductofhericanCivlWarunriesfihpgpgeachotherforart^profit.Howeverthecitizenssufferalotinthewar.Newsonwarspy,haveneverstoedinAfricancountries.ThereforeAfricaneolearefamiliarwithpp,ppwarlanguageaswell.Insummary,allthepeoplefromChina,AmericaandAfricaarelivingwithwarexperiences.WarMetaphorhasbeenquitefruitfulsinceitwascreated.Itisthefrequentuseofthismetaphorthatmakeswarlanguagerevailinourdaillife.pyWarMetahorasafreuentlusedmetahorindiseasereortshasitsadvantaesp,qypp,ganddisadvantaesinachievingdiscursiveuroses.Withthismetaphortheublicaregpp,patttittasstotettsefombet.lerohevrusandhuskemeaureoprchemlvesringinfecedCountriesareunitedasfighters.AllthosewhomakecontributionsandevenlosetheirlthedtAllttivesiniseaseprevenionarepraisedasheroes.lpeopeareeducaedwihmedicalknowledge.TheimportanceofwinningthebattleaainstEbolaishilihted.gghgHowever,theadoptionofWarMetaphorcausesfearamongthepublic.Thecruelandbloodysceneofwarismaedtothediseaserevention.Sufferinandstrulincanpppggggubeseeneverwhere.Asaresultrumorsoccursuchassalinewatercanreventy,p^diseaseandotherfolkrescrition.Therumorsalsokilltheinnocentifthearetooppyfrightenedtofacevirusandtaketherumorstooseriously.Theatientswhocontainthepvirusareregardedasenemiestotheublicaswell.Theareushedoutevenafterpyp.ThemedicalworkersalsosufferfrombeinisottrecoverglatedbecausehearelikeloyyycatchthediseasePtt.tttt.eolemoveawafromheinfecedareaConseuenlhereislilepyqy,supportthatthemedicalworkerscanaskfromthecommonpeoplearoundthe33 福州大学硕士学位论文quarantine.Generallyspeaking,adoptingWarMetaphorinthestartingperiodraisestheublic^awarenessofkeeinawafromvirus.Medicaleducationshouldcomealonppgyg9toreducerumorssreadin.Tosomeextentthisadvantaeustifiesthebadeffectspg,gjcausedbyaretahor.WMp3.2.2CriminalMetaphorAstheEbolavimskillsthousandsofeolearoundtheworldeoletendtopp,ppdescribeitasacriminalwhoposesathreattothepresentpeacefulcommunity.ForCriminalMetaphorthenewsreortsraiseunitedforceagainstthekiller.Thekewords,pyoftheCriminalMetaphorarelistedinTable3.2.2withfrequenciesofthekeywordsinthreecorporarespectivelylistedincolumn4column5andcolumn6.Mainsofthe,ppgSDandheTDofheCriininalMeahorarelaboratediniuretttpeFg3.2.2.Table3.2.2KewordsuenciesofCriminalMetahoryandFreqpConcetualKeywordsFreuencyFrequencFreuencFrequencpqyqyyMetahorinCPCinWPCinSANCpCriminalkill72162927Metaphortrace/search/detect87471921suspect/locate/track/observe/monitorcatch/release3791018/chare/dischare/ggflee211deathsentence514/beheadedwdH722214796273SourcedomainTargetdomainCriminalVirusVictimPatient|PolicemanMedicalstaffMeasurestocatchthecriminalMeasurestohandlethevirusReleasethecriminalsCuretheatientspFigure3.2.2MappingsofCriminalMetaphor34 ilislrfiticalMealiiAComparatveAnaysonEboaNewsRepotsromCrtphorAnayssPerspectveFromFiure3.2tiistualistiminal..2hevrusconcepzedahecrinrealworldForg,criminalsthedisobetherulesofoursocietandthuscausedisordersinthe,yyycommunity.WhatthethingscriminalsdotothevictimsarethesamewithwhattheEbolavirusdoestotheinfectedpatients.Forthesakeofmaintainingpeaceinthecommunitwhereallthehumanbeinslivetheolicemenhavetoworkontheirdutiesyg,ptolocateandarrestthosecriminals.IntheTDthissituationmeansthemedicalstaffs,havetoreventthevimsfromsreadinandkillineole.Thedoctorsandmedicalppggppexpertshavetotakemeasurestohandlethevirusustliketheolicetakeactionstojpcatchthecriminals.ThevictimsinthecriminalactivitiesmaptotheatientswhoarepinfectedwithEbola.ThefollowingsectionsanalyzethemappingsoftheCriminalMetaphorindetailwithexamples..2iiKill3.2.1TheVrusserUnlikeWarMetaphor,CriminalMetaphortendstobemoreconcreteandknowntoourdailylife.Sincecitynewstakesupabigshareoftelevisionandnewspaperscoveraethecommoneolearefamiliarwiththissourcedomainframe.Moreoverg,pp,criminaleventshappenfromtimetotimearoundcommunitymembers.Allofthemhavealreadybeeneducatedtouniteandcatchthecriminalforthesakeofkeepingpeaceandorder.CriminalMetaphortakesthepoliceasguardsforthecommunitylikemedicalworkersareseenasrescueroftheinfectedcountries.Measuresareuredtobeutintogpeffectassoonaspossible.Thefollowingthreefiguresshowtheconcordanceofthe“”keywordkillinthreecorporarespectively.HitKVVJCFile1hardesthitbyanoutbreakthathaskilledinarethan670peopChinaDaily.2inWestAfricaheadded.EbclscankillvicximswithindaysChinaDail.,,y3sadoftheStoo-laviruswhichhaskillexindredsofeoleChinaDail;pre..dhp.,py4atAfrica.ThehemQxrhagicviruscankillupto90percentofChinaDaily.5Oriza?IHOthediseasehkilled729eleandfChiDailgantionC),aspopa£nay.Soncemsaboutthedisease,whichhaskillednearly900peopleChinaDaily.;7erianIdrisaddedwhichhaskilledover8.Sbola0eopleinChinsDail.,,0py3diuidswihoseinfecredhaskilled3£1eopleanda£fC3ninsDaiilyflttht,p..ly.hadbeenexposedHoSbolawhichhaBillednearly1OQeoplChinaDail.i9,k,Opy:0OrnizaticneSbclaoubreakha3illednearlQeolChinsail1gstht.k100p.D.,y,py11cjmuniofWestAfrcanStaeaws3kedevruslssthinaDa;CtyitillbythiCily.2spreadstroughbofluid3andha3ille<over100peopleChinaDaily.:1hdyki,213oebeE^rrhaiceverwhich,cankilluo90ercenofChinsDailfrhf,prr_Igpy14sreadsturtniodfTuisandJissilleover100ecsChnaDail.pJghbydfcd,3ppliyai■diseasoaDai15tnlngtheeiisisalreadkilledeast2400lyleChin.y,p1£sickenedjrusxethan£,500peopleandkilledmorsthan3,000ot:ChinaDaily.“”Fiure3.2.2.1.1ConcordanceofkillinCDCg35 福州大学硕士学位论文HitKWCFile1tropicaldiseasewhichhaskilledmorethan200eoesinceNews24.txt:,ppldist&sled6eoleacrossGuineaI?News242fortheseasethhkil£0pp.txt,3dextcankillupto90%of-thoseinfectedNews24ternalbleeding.-tx;I,thihhkillh100eli>JN244avirusoutbreakwcasedmaretsnoenesews.txt,pp5dofthedisease.Sboiahaskilled1063peopleinKeatAfricaNews24.txtswillkillouOnemisakeonevronginNews24£abouthere:Thisviruy.t.txt,w7:onhewarned.Ebolaha3killedaleas14eoleinKeNews24.x11,.tt15pptt8WestAfrica.Sofar,itha3killed1145ofthemorethan200News24.txt9break.Sofarthevirushaskilled1145ofthemorethan2GONews24.txt10Africa,wherethevirushaskilledmorethan1300peopleandNews24.txtectousdiseasehaakilled1350eoleamon2473caNews2411Theinfipg.txt,p,°12ingrheepidemic,whichhaakilled1427peoplesinceMarch.News24.txt^13ofunidentifiedoriginhadkilled13peopleinthecouritrysNews24_txt14ofEbolaafevervhichhaakilledmoreanhalfrheeopleiNews24.txt,thp15eles3bythevirusthat:haakilledmorethan1900peopleandNews24.txt16infectedbo-dilfluidsaskilledmarean200inGuineaNews24hth0,txty,,17akeverofEbola,whichhaskilledclosezo2300peoplesofaNews24.txthhadiseaseaupa9"18ustht:cankill0%ofChoseitinfectsNews24witt_txt19buttheviru3continuestokiXXscoresdailyinLiberiaandSNews24.txt“”Figure3.2.2.1.2ConcordanceofkillinSANCHitKWfCFile1edeadliestinhistoryhad?kiliedslmosu400people?asofThu^sshingtcnP,2whichbeganinMarchasilednearl7Q0eole.AsTheFHashingt^oixP,,hklypp3--?±3Incurableanditcankillupto90percentofthosewhoWashingtonP,4servationistswhodecrythekillingofprotectedprimatesandWashizigtoTiP5nrushedforwardwithnewlykilledcrlifepangolinatdiffezeWashingtonP£isalwaysachanceyouwillkillthefirst;humansubectwhosWashintonPjg7dyhazmasuirsEboaaslledsnorerhan1000pecjple?ssaVJasiilngroTiPct.lhki,,Sqmany;xtisnatureout;tokillus.IsxherereallynooneonWashingtonPl4800leIhaskilledmorethan2400AndablacWsshingcmP9nearypeop.t.t,,"10hreeournalists,hadbeenkilledincoldbloodbythevill&WeshintoxxP?jgg11canEilirarersonnelwerekilledinMogadishu.ThereisnoqWashingtonPyp12sternaidworkershavebeenkilledbysuspiciouslocalswhofs鉍ashingtonP*13SboiavirusinLiberiahadkilledoverl700Includin35HashizitiojiPr.g;g“”Figure3.2.2.1.3ConcordanceofkillinWPC“”ThewordkillplaysasignificantroleinthelexicalusageofTHEVIRUSISAKILLERmetahor.FromtheabovethreefiurestheEbolavirusisalwasreardedaspg,yg“”“”thesubectofkillandtheobectofkillistheatient.Fromsemanticviewthevirusjjp,tttteowerwhietheobectsareundertrisdescribedasacorwhohasheiniiaivpljconol,changingstatesaccordintotheactionofthesubect.Onthebasisoftheconcordancegj“”“”ofkillshownintheabovefiurestheuseofkillaccountsfor60timesand54outg,ofitareusedinactivevoiceindicatinthatthekillerisitilessandthevictimshaveno,gpchoicebutstrugglingtoescaefromit.Onemoresecificexamleislistedbelowtopppfurtherillustratethismetaphor.movf1Thisviruswillkillyou.Onemistake,onewrongeandouredead.CDC(),y()Theaboveexamplepersonifiesthevirusasakiller.Theinnocentpatientisdescribedasthevictim.Thevictimiscontrolledandorderedbythekillersinceheorshecannotmovefreel.Ifthevictimdoessomemistakesheorshewilldefinitellosey,y36 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivehisorherlife.Fromthisexamlewecanseethatthekillerisindominantositionp,psnceeiswe-aredandossessesowerfulweaonsihllre.Onthecontrartheattpppppy,pienisbarehandedonlywithhisownimmunesystemtodefenseandstruggle.Ifthepatientfailstoescapefrombeingmaniulatedbthevirusheorshewilldie.py,InsummarEbolavirusisdescribedasacruelkillerwhotakesdominantoweriny,pcontrollingthepatients.ThekillerordersthevictimsaccordingtohisevilpurposeofkillinthemTheaientsasvictimsareinassiveroleoffihinaanstthevrusg.pttii.,,pggg3.2.2.2TheMeasuretoHandleVirusistheMeasuretoCatchCriminalsAccordingtohumanconitiveframewhensufferinfromtheanicanddisorderg,gpcausedbythecriminals,allthepeopleinthecommunityhavedutyonarrestingthekillerKillintheinnocentisthemostdanerousandunbearableccttnou.ggriminalaiviyirsociet.Forthesakeofkeeineaceamonthecommunitthetrainedciilsertsypgpgy,vvansuchaspolicemenandthearmyhavetodotheirbestinlocatingandarrestingthecrim.IttoEltinalfwemahecriminalframeboadiseasehemedicalworkersarep,maedtotheolicemenorthearmthemeasuresthatthetakeforcatchinthepppy,ygcriminaltotheactionstakenbythemedicalworkerstopreventthediseasefrom.thllwordsinitalicsspreadingSomeexamplesarelistedbelowwiathekey.1Scientistsuietlfearenetmuaonshaldicttittwoumakethevirusharderto()qygdetect,moreresistanttotreatment,or(Godforbid)easiertotransmit.WPC()2E'idemioloistsointoutthatEbolaisrelativeldifficulttocatchandisneven()pgpytairborne.SANC()(3ThevirusaearstohaveresurfacedinneihborinLiberiawhichearlierhis)ppgg,tearhadseen12susectedandconfirmedcasesofEbola.(SANC)ypThevirus,asakiller,isdetectedbytheprofessionalmedicalworkers.Everysuspectedcaseisconsideredtobesodangerousthatshouldbereportedimmediately.Allthecommoneolearereuiredtotakeartinthearrestinactivit.Howeverthisppqpgy,killerisverydifficulttolocateandcatchsinceheorshecarriesdeadltoolforcriminalypurposeandhistoolisnoteasytobefoundandnoticed.Inotherwords,Eboladiseasetakesthevirusasweapontokilltheinnocent.Thevirusisverydificulttodetectbecauseitssymptomsdonotshowtoothersuntilseveraldayslater.Thekillerturnsthevictimtohistoolforcriminalbehaviorsaswellsincethewholebodyoftheatientispoverwhelmedbythevims.TheinfectedpatientandthedeadEbolapatientinheritthe37 福州大学硕士学位论文virustoolwithwhichtheatientsbecomeaccomliceofthecriminalactivitaswell.ppyThearesearchedbthemedicalworkersthesoldiersandeventhecommoneole.yy,ppThesusiciouseopleareconsideredasotentialcriminalsaswell.Thefollowinpppgexamlesfurtherillustratethisointwithallthekewordsinitalics.ppy(4)Twodaysearlier,thecommissionhadissuedaprotocolonhowtotransfersusectedEbolacasesandeoletobeutundermedicalobservation.CDCpppp()(5)ThestategovernmenthadsteppedupitsefforttotraceallthosethatcameincontactwiththeLiberian.CDC()6Htua--()evowedoqrantinesickpatientsathomeandconducthousetohousesearchesforotherswhomahavebeenexosed.CDCyp()'7LateonSaturda,residenteofMonroviasWestPointslumatackedauarantine()yqcenter,wherepeoplewerebeingmonitoredforpossibleinfectionwithEbola.SANC()Aswhatcanbeinferredfromtheaboveexamples,thevirusinfectedpatientsareregardedashelperofcriminalactivitiesbecausetheyhavebeencontrolledandmanipulatedbytheevilvirus.Theseatientshavechanedtheiridentitj&omassistantspgyofthemedicalworkertocarriersofthevirus.Metaphoricallyseakinthesevictimspg,changefromassistantsoftheolicementoaccomliceofthemurder.Ebolaatientsareppplikelytosreadthevimstoothereole.Howevertobeexactlythevirusistherealppp,,killerbeinguntinfor.Examle4showsthatalltheeolewhoaresusectedtobehgp()pppinfectedwiththevirusareputintocarefulmedicalobservation.TheofficialorganizationcarriesonendlessefortsonsearchingthosesuspectedEbolacaseslikeexamle5andexamle6.Theresearchhasbeencarriedoutsointensethathousetop()p()houseseichesareconductedinordernottoreleaseonecriminal.Asallpeoplearetrccaeeaveeerreaincludedinheseahslthoswhohbnconfimedtobeinfectedaisolted,astheyaredescribedasreatdanerandhihrisktotheublic.gggpInsummarythemeasuresthattheolicementaketoarrestthecriminalsare,pmedtothemeasuresthat-themedicalworkersincludinotherEbolarelatedstaf呼p(g〇taketohandlethevirus.Themedicalworkerssearchlocatecatchobserveandisolate,,,theatientsasthesametiiatIheolicemendotothekillerswhohaveconductedraveppgcrimetothesociety.3.2.2.3ThePatientisVictimAsdiscussedintheabovesectionsthatthekillerisEbolavirusthereforethe,laiensinceeareoruredandkilledbhevsenasvictimsshoudbethettsthtttim.Patitspyy,38 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivethecarriersofthevirusarereardedasbothvictimsandtoolsthrouhwhichthekiller,ggconductshiscriminalactivities.1AssociatedPressreportedthatanEbolaquarantinecenterwaslootedoverthe()weekendcausnnsurrarea.SANCi30tietstoeeintooundings,gpafl()2SaudatuKoromaisaosvecaeandherenouhereoal.Weneeitisbittisarisktld()pgtheublictoheluslocateher.SANCpp()3Themethodisunderstood:treatthepatientstracetheircontactsandisolatethose(),people.WPC()Asbeingmanipulatedbytheviruskiller,thevictimsaremonitoredandconfinedto’’thehospitals.Patientsrunningoutofthehospitalisregardedascriminalsfleeingaccordintoexamle1.Inthiscasetheatientardedascriminalswhohavegp(),sarerepgbeenputintojail.Withoutpermission,theyarenotallowedtoleavetheplaceinwhichthearesuosedtosta.Inexamle2aatientwhosenameisSaudaturunsoutyppyp(),,,pfromthehospitalandhidesherselffrombeingcapturedbythemedicalworkersandsoldiers.Thenewsagencydescribesherashighrisktothecommunity.Asaresult,thepublicarecalledontohelptheauthoritativetolocateandcatchherbecauseshehasbecometoot.Tlforcriminalacivitiesheladyiscriminalinbroadersense.Oncethesusectedareconfirmedtheareconsideredascriminalsaswell.Thearesuposedtop,yypstainhostt.Typialuniltheyrecoverfromillnesshosewhohavephysicalcontactwiththeinfectedareincludedintherangeofbeingtracedandisolatedsincetheyarelikely5-becominghostofthekillersmightycriminaltoolsthevirusasshowninexample3.()Inthiscasetheinfectedrousturntothetoolsthrouhwhichthevirussreadsto,gpgpotherinnocenteoleDuetothehihriskoftheinfectedthesometimesaredeictedpp.g,ypasequalingtothecriminalsthevirusinthenewsreorts.()pThatthecommonpeopleareverylikelybecomevictimscausesalertandfearamonthesocietAsaresulttiistlat.Anig.hevrusconceuaizedsdeahonewhosy,pyinfectedheorsheissentencedtodeathaswhatexamle4suests.,p()gg(4)AnotheristhatenteringanEbolatreatmentcenterisaccetingadeathpsentence.(^MiC)ThismetaphorcausessomuchhorrortocommunitymembersthatanyonewhocontactswithanythingthatrelatedtoEbolaisconsideredtobecauhtbthedeathod.gygMoreover,thesepeoplehavenohopetoescapefromthedeathsentencegivenbythemercilessvirus.Insummaryoncethecommoneoleareinfectedwiththedeadlbolavirus,ppyE,theybecomethevictimswhoaremaniulatedbtheviruskiller.Thevictimsfurtherpy39 福州大学硕士学位论文turntothetoolsthroughwhichcriminalactivitiesareconductedbythekillerEbola(virus).Asaresult,patientsareshunnedfromthepublic.Theirescapingfromthehositalisreardedasleenofcrmina.pgfigils3.2.2.4BeingCuredisBeingReleasedAccordingtotheschemaofCriininalMetahoreolewhohaverealizedtheirp,ppmistakesinthewardwiththehelpofrofessionalersonnelaresuosedtobereleased.ppppSoaretheatients.Thosewhohavebeencuredbythemedicalstaffarefreetoohome.pgToreleasethecriminalswhoareailedforhavingkilledsomeonetheresupositionis,ppjthatthesecriminalsarenolongerathreatorseveredangertotheublic.Thereforetop,dischargetheEbolainfectedatientsshouldbebasedonthefactthatthearesafetothepypublic.(1)WritebolwasreleasedfromthehospitalonTuesdayandwasrestinginanundlltithhhiscosedocaionwerusband.(CDC)(2)BrantlyandhisfamilyhavebeeninseclusionsincehewasreleasedlastmonthfromEmoryUniversityHospitalinAtlanta.(CDC)(3)VictoriaYillahwasdischargedfromhospitalintheeasterncityofKenema.SANC()(4)He(WritebolBrantly)wasdischargedfromaLondonhospitalonWednesdayafterftcovemakingaillrer.SANCy()*(5)Bothpatientsweredischargedaftertheirmedicalteammadesuretheywonttthinfecoers.(SANC)AnAmericandoctorWritebolBrantlfallsinillwhenheisdoinedicalygmtreatmentforEbolaatients.Laterheisconfirmedtohavebeeninfectedwiththevirus.pTh--isdoctoristransferredtohismotherlandAmericafortreatmentafterwards.Afterseveralweekshefinallcomestohimselfandrecoversfromillnessraduall.Afterhis,ygy“”recoverheisnolonerconfinedinquarantine.Insteadheisreleasedandy,g,“”dischargedaccordingtothenewsreports.LikeWritebolBrantly,VictoriaYillahisalsostronenouhtorecover.Shecanleavethehositalandohome.Moreoverggpg,patientswhoaresetfreeareallconfumedthattiieywillnolonerbrinharmtoothergcommunitmembers.Thiscorresondstothesituationoftiiecriminalsinthewardyp,Whenthecriminalhasrovedthatheorshewillnolonerdodevilthinsthearepgg,yreleasedfromtheailandthusstartanewlife.Ofcoursenoneiswillintobecomeaj,gcriminalandbeailed.Asaresulteoleshunfromtheatientsandthemedicalteamsj^ppp40 AComaraveAnalsisonENewReorsromCrcaearAnassPersciveptiybolasptfitilMtpholyipetwhomayroerlcarrthevirustothem.ppyy’’Insummary,patientsrecoveryisdescribedascriminalsreleasingfromthejail.Conseuentltheirexeriencesinthehositalarereardedasbeinailedwithoutanqy,ppggjyfreedom.Tosomeextentitwillincreaseanicandfearamonthecommunit,pgymembers.Thecommoneolewillkeeawayfromtheatientsandalsothemedicalppppworkers.AnythingrelatedtoEbolahasbeenlabeledwithdeathandlossoffreedom.AfterallthemappingsofCriminalMetaphorhavebeendiscussedabove,thesocialbackgroundanddiscursiveurosesofthismetahorareexlored.ppppUnlikeWarMetaphor,CriminalMetaphorisrelativelyclosertoourdailylifewhichinvolvesallthecommunitymemberstotakeartinthearrest.Killinginnocentispthehihestcriminalineverycountrletalonethevirusisersonifiedasakillerwhogy,phaskilledthousandsof.Tualininnocenteolehiskindofkillercanbereardedaseppgqgtoterrorismandshouldbeheadedorbesentencedtodeath.InAmericaChinaand,Africancountries,toliveisthebasichumanrightstipulatedinconstitutionorlaw.A’nyonewhodeprivessomeoneslifewithevilurosesisaccusedandshouldbeutpppintoailforltttt.Btifeimeorbesenencedodeahecauseofhehihriskofbeinkilledjgg,eottttt.ppleimproveheirawarenessinroechemselvesandkeeaneeonhecriminalsppyLikeWarMetaphor,CriminalMetaphorhasitsadvantagesandshortcomingsinachievindiscursiveuroses.AsViolenceMetahoritcausesfeartotheublicandgppp,presultsinalotoftt.Ittrumorsinhecommuninhebeinnineriodofhediseasetheyggp,advantageisapparentinalertingthepublic.However,inthefinalstageofdiseaseprevention(thediseaseisundercontrol),shortcomingofthismetaphorappears.Thefearthatitcausestotheublicisexaeratedandthussocialchaoshaens.Hencecarefulpggpp,attentionshouldbeaidtotheusaeofViolenceMetahorpgp.3.2.3ObstacleMetaphorObstacleMetaphorisbasedonLIFEISJOURNEYmetaphorandLIFEISASTRUGGLEFORSURVIVALmetahor.AccordintoLakoffandJohnson1980pg(),thereisageneralprinciplegoverninghowlinguisticexpressionsaboutournesarejyusedtocharacterizelifeandhowouratternsofinferenceaboutournesareusedtopjyreasonaboutourlife.Inlifeournethereisnodoubtthatwearetomeetsomejy,obstacleswhichstopusfrommovingforward.Inpublicemergencyhealthevent,ObstacleMetaphorisintroduced,whichimpliesthatdiseasecontrolactivitiesagainstthevirusareasimportantasremovingthedifficultiesinourdailylife.Themedical41 福州大学硕士学位论文workersandheaienandveneeolendtheworsranintttsealltharouldhouldwokhdp,pphandinordertoeliminatealltheobstaclesthattheyareconfrontedintherocessofpreventingboladisease.ThekewordsofObstacleMetahorinthreecororaarepEyppcalculatedinTable3.2.3.Table3.23KeywordsandFrequenciesofObstacleMetaphorConceptualKeywordsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyMetaphorinCPCinWPCinSANCObstacleMetaphorrevent/block/71362510p/hinder/impederveintention/obstacle162113/barrier/firewallstop/suspend/halt55172216curb541147595830TheobstaclesinObstacleMetaphorcanbedividedintotwotypes:thefirsttypeistheobstaclessetupbytheEbolavirusthathinderingthemedicalworkfromgoingsmoothlytheotherteisobstaclessetbthehealthworkersandotherrelatedrous;ypygpthtsttheifromdin.ThemitemofthObltahorisaopvrussreaapnssestaceMepgpgypsimplifiedinFigure3.2.3.SourceDomainTargetDom^nObstacle1iThingsthatreventthemedicalworkfromoinpgg^lthediseasethesmoothrumorsetc..y(,,)Obstacle2Measuresthattakenforreventinthevirusfromsreadin.pgpgFi.2.3Mainsofltgure3ppgObstaceMeaphorFirstly,attentionispaidtoanalysisoftheobstaclesthatEbolavirassetsupforreventintherescuework.Generallseakinthinstfiatreventthemedicalworkpgypg,gpfromoinsmootiilcanbedividedintothreearts:thedeadlvirusitselftherumorsggypy;causedbythedisease;andtheshortofmedicalsupplies.Someexamplesareivenasgsfollowswiththekeywordsinitalic.1Africatecrevencanonluarantineheinftedvillaestotitstransmission.CDC()yqgp()2Thereareasetofbeliefsandmythsthatimpedeourmessagesabouttreatment()WPC()3Evenifloisticalandeconomic06e/e5couldbesurmountedistheeacasefor()g伽,r42 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivegivingmatoAfricansstilldinfromEbola?WPCZppyg()4TheWorldHealthOrgaiizationsaidoorhealthinfrastructureandalackof()pmanowerwerehinderintheirefforts.SANCpg()(5)LawmakerPeterColemansastheovertyendemicacrossthecountryhasbeenaypmaorobstacletosreadinreliableinformation.SANC)jpg(Examle1showsthatmeasuresaretakentoreventthetransmissionofthevirus.p()pExamle2describestheobstacleofEbolarumors.Thelocaleolebelievethatthep()ppdiseasedoesnotevenexistatall.Moreovertheirlackofmedicalandhealthknowlede,galsohindersthehealthrescueobfrommovingon.Example3toexamle5showj()p()theshortofmedicalsupplieswhichmainlyresultfromthecurrenteconomicsituationof-wtheAfricancountriestheshortageofmanninandlonlastinovertithoor,gggpypmedicalinfrastructureconstruction.Theobstaclesthatthemedicalworkerssetuparetostopthevirasfromspreadin.gTheseobstaclescanbefiirtherdividedintothreearts;thevaccinereventivemeasures;;ppandeducationofhealthknowledge.(6)...BanbuiyjoinedanadvanceteamdeployedinAccratoensuretherapid,effectiveandcoherentactionnecessaiytostoptheoutbreak,treattheinfected,ensureessentialservicesresrvestabilitandreventthereadofthedeadlvirus.CDC,peysppy()‘^557MSFcalledforamassivedelomentofmedicalresourcesbovernmentsin()pyygtheregiontocurbtheepidemic.(CDC)(8)TheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationhasheldtalkswithglobalhealthofficialsonotentialmeasurestohaltthesreadofthedisease.CDCpp()(9)Nolicensedvaccineortreatmentexistsbuthealthexpertsarelookingatfas-ttrackintwootentialvaccinesandeihttreatmentsincludinthedruMatogpg,ggZppstopthespreadingofEbola.(SANC)(10)ItisnecessaryforanygroupengaginginEbolacontroltoprovidehealtheducationriorinerveniPCtoinitiatinanothertton..(W)pgyExample(6)toexample(8)isthemedicalpreventivemeasuresincludingrapid,effectiveandcoherentoerationabundantmedicalresourcesandotherotentialwas.p,,pyExamle9rovidesthevaccineasthemaorobstacletostotheEbolasreadin.p()pjppgExample10)isthehealtheducationontiiecommunitmembers.Allofthesemeasures(yareadoptedtobuildupbarrierfortheEbolainfectionandspreading.TosummarizeObstacleMetahorisbasedonLIFEISJOURNEYmetahorand,ppLIFEISASTRUGGLEFORSURVIVALmetaphor.Accordingtohumanconitiong,obstaclescanbeenduredandbrokenregardlesshowhardtheyare.Inthenewsreports,43 福州大学硕士学位论文themihtoftheobstaclessetubthevirusiserceivedwhichisuiteacontrartogypyp,qythosethatsetupbythemedicalstaffandgovernmentworkers.Inthisaspectthevirus,seemstohaveoverwhelmingpoweragainstthemedicalworkerandothercommoneole.Asaresultthenewscallsonmoreeoletouniteandfihttoetherwhichwillpp,ppggincreasethemightyoftheobstaclesthatthesetuforreventinthevirusandthustheyppgpossibilityofcuringtheinfectedandrecoveringincreases.ObstacleMetaphorrootsinhumancommonexperienceoflife.Thingsthatpreventusfrommovingforwardexistintheathwa.Thetravelershavetostruletosurvivepygginthedifficultiessoastoreachthedestinationoftheourneandtoenothehainessjyjyppafterwards.EbolamakesAfricansfallinhardshipandposesalotofhinderstotheAfricans,rescueteamsinAfrica.Ithasbeenregardedasathreattoallthenationsintheworld.Ontheotherhand,humandoeffortstosetupobstaclesinpreventingthediseaseandkeepmovinforwardatthesametimewiththeuroseofrootinthediseaseandgppgkeepingpeaceamongthecommunity.ThereisnodistinctdifferenceintheusageofObstacleMetaphorinChina,AmericaandAfricancountries.ComparedtoViolenceMetaphor,ObstacleMetaphorismilderandeasiertobeunderstood.Howeverithardlimrovetheublic^attentiontowardsthedisease.All,yppthepeopleinpreventingEbolaareregardedastravelerswhoareconfrontedwithdifficultiesinthepathway.Onlybyunitingtheirforcecantheysolvetheobstaclesthathinderthemfrommovingforward.Therefore,allpeopleareworkingtogetherwiththesameuroseoftttr.akinhediseaseinconolppg3.2.4ReliionMetahorgpAreligionisanorganizedcollectionofbeliefs,culturalsystems,andworldviewsthatrelatehumanittoanorderofexistence.Generallseakinevercountrhasatyypg,yyleastonereligion.ManyreligiousgroupsareactiveinChina,includingBuddhism,ChristianityandTaoismandsoon.InAfricatraditionalreliionIslamismand,,g,Christianityarequitepopularamongthecommunity.Inwesterncountries,mostpeoplelitittbeieveinChrsiany.TosomedegreeChristianitisareliiontharevailsaround,ygptheworld.Fromtheselectednewsreortsofthreenewsaencieswordsrelatedtopg,Christianitcanbeseeninthewritins.Tosomeextentthisindicatestherevalenceofyg,pthewesternvalues.InTable3.2.4kewordsoftheReliionMetahorarelistedwith,ygpfreuencinthreenewsaersshownresectivelincolumn4column5andcolumn6.qypppy,44 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveTable3.2.4KewordsandFrequenciesofReliionMetahorygpConcetualKewordsFreuencFreuencFreuencFreuencpyqyqyqyqyMetahorinCPCinWPCinSANCpReliionsanctuar/aeis211gygMetaphorpilgrim642clerical22miracle/myth615faithful/belief642confessveneion/forgiss266713/destiny/sin/commitmentmission/duty/obligate402171288342232SourceDomainTargetDomainG’odsmightPossibilityofrecoveryThN.emission.CuretheEbolaatientpFaithinGod;^ConfidenceofendingtheFaithinChinesearmy^spiritCDConldisease(y)ionersMedicalMissworkersSinnersPatientsFiure.g32.4MappingsofRegionMetaphorInFiure3.2.4eoleattributetheirrecovertotheblessinivenbGod.Theg,ppyggyatientsraontheirhealthandhoethattheirwishesarelistenedandacceted.ppyppHowever,onlysincereprayerscanrealizetheirwishes.ThemedicalworkersaredescribedasthemissionerswhocometoAfricanEbolainfectedcountriestosavethosewhoareinsufferin.ThedivinemissionisendowedbGod.Theareroudoftheirgyyp’’work.Inthelocaleoleseesthearedescribedasheroes.Themedicalworkersppy,yeseciallthosewhobelieveinChristianityfaithinGodleadsthemtobelievethat(py)theycancurethedyingandrescueAfiricancountriesfrombeingdevouredbythedisease.TheyaresuosedtobeaskindasJesus.Therearesomedifferencesbetweenpp)thereportsoftheCtoaZaz7yandtheothertwonewsaers.Someexamlesareiven_pppgtoillustratehowChinaDailyusestheReligionMetaphorwithallthekeywordsinitalics.(l)...aninternationalhealthworkerdeployedbyWHOhascontractedEbola...imarkedthefirsttimesomeoneworkingundertheaegsofWHOhasfallenillwiththedisease.CDC()45 福州大学硕士学位论文2ChinesetroopsonaUNpeacekeepingmissioninLiberiasaythewillremain()ycommitedinthemissiondespitethedeadlyEbolaepidemicsweepingacrossWestAfr.CDCica()(3)ChinesemedicalteamsfromBeijingandHeilongjiangandHunanprovincesarecontinuingtoperformtheirdutiesintihethreecountries.CDC()4ChinesetroopsonaUNeacekeeintw如inLiberiasatheywillremain()ppgycommittedinthemissiondespitethedeadlyEbolaepidemicsweepingacrossWestAfiica.CDC()FromtheaboveexamleswordsaboutChristianitaremostlusedtodescribethep,yywesternmedicalworkers.PeopleworkingunderWHOareregardedasworkingunderu,5theaegis£isshowninexample1.AccordintoChinaDailywesternandAfrican()g,workersarefollowersofGod.HerewecansaythattheChinesenewsreportsuse’religiouswordstodescribethewesternsrescueactivitieswhichtosomeextentreveals,theinfluenceofthewesternreligiousvalues.Examples(2)toexample(5)illustratetheChinesemedicalteamaspeacekeepers.Theyworktinderpoorconditionsandperformtheirdutiesinregardlessofallthedifficulties.Theiraimistosavetheatientsandthep“”Africancountriesfromhardshi.Theworddutcanbeseenfreuentlinthereortspyqyp“”todescribetheChineseworkers.Asaresultthewordmissionisdiferentfromthat,ofthewestern.ItcontainsthespiritsofChineseArmyandthetraditionalChinesevalueswhichwillbeelaboratedinMetaphorExlanationart.ppHowever,reportsfromTheWashingtonPostusethereligiouswordsalottow,9describeHiedivineworkoftheirworkers.TheyadvocatetheowerandmythofGod.p(5)God,wethankyouforkeepingusalive!God,youaregreat.AmongallotherodsouarereatohLord!WPCg,,yg()6Inamoreaffluentchurchinanotherartoftown,Godwasbeinaskedtohel()pgpthosewhoheledthemselves.WPCp()(7)Thewaythefaithfulhaveformillennia:byappealingfordivinetiinerventon.WPC)((8)Inthelong,narrowsanctuar^Susan(aatient)heardthatsonandraerwereypgpybeltedintotheii.mornngar(WPC)Inexamle(5)theAfricanatientwhorecoversjfromthediseaseivescredittop,pgGod.Thenewsreportquoteshiswordswithoutanymodification.TheAmericanreadersarenotshockedwhentheyseeanAfricaneolethanksGodforblessinhim.ppgUnconsciously,thismanifeststheprevailingofwesternChristianity.Example(6)isoneoftheoldsayingsoftheChristians.Itencourageseoletodosomethininsteadofppg46 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivet7tplacingalloftheirhopeondivinehelpuslikeexamle.Inexamle8hejp()p(),quarantineisdescribedassanctuary.AccordingtothereportsofTheWashingtonPost,theAfricancountriesaredescribedasbelongingtothereligiongroupofChristianity.PeopleinAfricaarebelieversofGod.Astheywrite:'ReligionlasamaorartinLiberianlife.Accordintothenations2008censusitspyjpg,ouatonofabou4mlnercentChstanand12,2ercentMuslm.Peolepplitiliois85.5priipipwhoclaimnoreligionandasmallnumberwhofollowindigenousreligiousbeliefsroundouttherest,alongwithtinygroupsofBahais,Hindus,SikhsandBuddhists.(WPC)ThestandpointofregardingAfricanasbelieversofChristianitycanbefurtheraffrtenewsreotsnSouthAricas24irmedfomhprifNew.554t(9)TheytaketheGreatCommissionliterall,Munrosaid,referrintothescrituralygp“”instructionfromJesusChristtomakedisciplesofallnationsSANC()“”“10whollMunrosaidtheWritebolsareuietunassumineolefetcaledb()q,gppyG"ANCodtomissionworkoverseas.(S)tclmore11IamthankfultoGodtohavesurvivedtheordeal.1canhardsaIam()yy,5,oversheVictorYillldSdcaioyediaahanAfricanwomanttheierraLeoneBroasnj,ot,()gCorporation.(SANC)Mun'roisanAfricanreverend.HeiscalledReverendJohnMunro.MunrosCalvaryChurchisanondenominationalevangelicalcongregationthatsponsorstheWritebolsasmissionariesinLiberia.Fromhiswords,wecanperceivethattheAfricansacceptthevaluesofChristianity.VictoriaYillah,anAfricanwoman,alsoatributesherrecoverytotheblessinsofGod.Sheisuitehathatshehassurvivedtheordeal.gqppyAllinall,inReligionMetaphor,Chinahasdifferentunderstandinginthestrengthmakingthepatientsrecovered,whileboththewesternpeopleandAfricanpeopleowingtheirrecovertoGodtheybelievein.Tosomeextenttheusaeofthismetahoriny,gpChinesewayreflectstheattitudesofChinesetowardstheirmodemhistoryandtheefsttaChineseodntheirafeMoreovertestan-wordsbetreatedlihallhlidilyli.hChriiil,yadotteenewsaersndicatethewor-wtewepedinhrppildideinfluenceofhsternvalues.TheinconsistencyofusingReligionMetaphorinChinese,AmericanandAfricannewspapersisduetothedifferentculturalbackgroundsofthesecountries.ReligionMetaphorisconcernedwiththecommunitybelief.ThetheologianAntoineVergote“”emphasizedtheculturalrealityofreligion.Inthebook"hedefinedreliionastheentiretofthelinuisticexressionsemotionsactionsandgygp,,”sinsthatrefertoasuernaturalbeinorsuernaturalbeinsVerote1996.gpgpg(g,)Differentcountriesareinfluencedbdifferentreliions.Relygigionshavegradually47 福州大学硕士学位论文becomepartofhumanculture.Theyinfluenceourwaysincomprehendingthesurroundings.Christianityhaswideimpactaroundtheworld.ItdoeshavegreatinfluencetoChinaandAfricanowadays.Moreover,ithasinfluencedthewestern,countriesvaluestowardmoralitlifeurosesandworldvaluesandsoon_Asaresulty,pp,thereisnosurprisethatreligiouswordsareadoptedinthenewsreportsofalltheaencies.Sincethevaccineofthediseasehasnotbeentestedsuccessfullrecoveredgy,patientsarelikelytoattributetheirrecoveriestothedivineintervention.InAmericaandAfricancountriesthereortstendtobelievethemihtoftheirGodinhelinthemo,pgpggthroughthedifficulties.However,therearesomedifferencesbetweenthereportsoftheChinaDailyandtheothertwonewspapersintheuseofReligionMetaphor.ChinesedoctorsandnursesarealwaysrelatedwiththeArmyinChinaDaily.InferredfromChinesegovernment’sloanofcontrollinthediseaseCTz/rn?ZtoadvocatesthesiritofthePeolesgg,fyppLiberationArmnamelcouraeandthesiritof.Ittttsacrificedaesbackohemodemy,ygp-historofChinaTheAntiFascistWarandChineseCivilWar.NowadastheArmy()y,yhasshoulderedtheresonstttthtChint.pibiliyofproecingecounryandeseciizensMoreover,theArmyisendowedbynationtohelpothercountriesinneedinorderto9Chttitiitimproveinasinernaionalposveimagesandrealzepeaceandharmonyofhe.ThereforeChinesedoctorsandnursesaswellasothermedtworldicalsaffsare,,,’encouragedbytheArmssiritinsteadofbeindrivenbhristiancreed.ThehaveypgyCythefaithtofinishthemissionsivenbthecountr.Moreovertocarronthemissionsgyy,yentrustedbytheirmotherlandmakesthemfeelproudofthemselves.Influencedby“”traditionalvaluesofharmontheworkhardtoheltheAfricaneole.y,ypppChritt-tDatssianiyrelaedwordsareusedinChinailywhenAmericanandAfricanatienparedescribingtheirrecoveries.TosomeextentfromReMtwecanth-liioneahorerceiveeworldwide,gp,pinfluenceofttwhictttt.ThChrisianiyhreresenshecorevaluesofweserncounrieseideap’thatAmericaasthesaverandleaderoftheworldisrevailedinAfricawhileChinasp,roAt-ttThhleaseacekeeperinfricaisnoaswellknownasiisexpeced.eroletatpAmericaandChinatrytolawellisrelatedwiththecoresiritsoftheircitizens.pypAsforthediscursivepurpose,ReligionMetaphorisadoptedtoencouragethemedicalworkerstheatientsandthecommoneole.Itisdeerootedinourconition,ppppgandsuortsuswhenwearetraedindifficultiesEbolaissodeadlthatitkillspppp.ythousandsoflives.ReliionMetahortosomedereereducesthefearandanicthatgp,g,pcausedbyWarMetaphorandCriminalmetaphor.48 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective3.2.5DramaMetahorpAccordingtotheschemaofDramaMetaphor,thereareroles,players,platformsandaudiencesinadrama.Inaplay,everyplayerperformsaccordingtotheroledesignedforthem.Theaudiencesenotheshowanddiscussaftertheshow.TheEbolajyrescueworkinAfricaiscomparedtodrama.NationshavetheirownroletolainpyAfricaEbolarescuelatformwithcitizensintheworldasaudience.AllthekewordsofpyDramaMetaphorarelistedinTable3,2.5.ItisnotedthatthisthesistalksabouttheroleofChinafromtheersectiveofppChinesenewsagencysinceTheWashingtonPostandSouthAfricaNews24havenomuchcoveraeonhina.MoreanalsisareelaboratedinChaterFourgCyp.Table3.2.5KeywordsandFrequenciesofDramaMetaphorConceptualKeywordsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyMetaphorinCPCinWPCinSANCDramalead/leader/leadership56182315Metahorrole11362player11p68212918FromTable3.2.5wecanseethatcomaredwithChineseandAfricannews,pagenciestheAmericanaenciesamoreattentiontoleadershi.Chinaranksthe,gpyp“”secondplace.Tobemorespecific,ChinaseekstheroleofpeacekeeperwhichisconsistentwithChinesetraditionalvalues.Figure3.2.5liststhemappingsofDramaMetahor.pFiure3.2.5showsthatlaersinthedramaarethenationstakinartinthegpygpEbolaoutbreakprevention.Eachcountryoffersmedicalresourcesincludingmanowerpandotheredicalsulies.Rolesthattheseekincletheleadinroletheheledandmudppyg,ptheeacekeeer.ThedramatakeslaceinAfricawherethediseasebreaksout.pppSourceDomaietinTargDomanP’layersNationsincludinthenations(g^*medicalworkersandsoldiers)feachRolesPositionocountryPlatformAfricaFiure3.2.5MainsofDramaMetahorgppgp49 福州大学硕士学位论文SomeexamplesfromCDCarelistedtoexploretherolethatChinaplaysinEbolarescuework.(1)ChinesepeacekeeperscontinuetoworkdespiteEbolaoutbreak.(CDC)2BeinstationedclosetotheEbolaeicentershavemadetheChinesepeacekeepers()gpstayvigilanttowardsthedisease.(CDC)3ChinahasclosetieswithAfricancountriesandshouldthosenationstreatthe()diseaseandpreventthevirusfrombecomingathreattomorepeople.(CDC)u(4)PremierLiKeqiangsaidonWednesdaythatChinaisrearedtohtsidebyppfig”■sidewithWestAfricancountriestocombattheEbolaepidemic.(CDC)IntheaboveexamplesChinahaserceivedherselfaseacekeeerinthisdrama,pppEbolarescueworkwhichcorrespondstoboththevaluesthatalltheChinesepeople(),“”holdand&erolethatChinaseeksintheworld.PeacespiritemergesinancientChinaandisstillbelievedbytheChinese.HelpingAfricacountriesislikehelpingabrotherorsisterasdescribedinexample(3)andexample(4).LeadersofChinaalwaysstrengthenthestandpointthatChinaandAfricancountriesarebrothersandsisters.Helpingthem<655whentheyareindifficultiesisthereflectionofrighteousnessaccordingtoChinesetraditionalvalues.Americaseekstheleadinroleforitselfwhichcanbeindicatedfromtheg,followingtwoexamples.(5)CantheWorldHealthOrganizationlead?Dowewantitto?(WPC)(6)LackofleadershiphurtsEbolafightinWestAfrica.(WPC)AmericadarestochallengetheowerandleadershiofWHO.Accordintotheirppgunderstandinifanoranizationdoesnoteffectivelfulfillitsowndutiesitshouldbeg,gy,criticized.ThisisthesamecasewithWHO.LackofleadershipshouldbeblamedforthedisorderofEbolaoutbreakandtheincreasingEbolacases.TosomeextentAmerica,seekstheleadershiandrearditselfassaveroftheinfectedinEbolaoutbreak.pgMeanwhile,AfricaisseekingsomeonetoleadtherescueandhelpAfricmcountriesfromdifficultiesaswhatcanbeinferredfromthefollowingexamles.p(7)LackofleadershiphurtsEbolafightinWestAfrica.(SANC)(8)AndtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)mustfulfillitsleadingroleincoordinatintheinternationalresonsetotheeidemic...SANCgpp()9IthinktheareintherocessofbrininmoreeolefromtheWHObutthe()ypggppreahaemcwenanedunerearemorelitisttthiseidiillbenotbcotilessthlaers.SANCyppy()-10Theleadersofthehardesthitnationsalsoaealedformorehelpwiththe()pp,<6”presidentofSierraLeonecallingtheEbolavirusworsethanterrorism.(SANC)50 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective(11)WhileObamatoutedtheassistancetheUSisproviding,hesaidAmericaalonecannotsohebluriiili.SANClvetroemandedothernatonstotakesmaracton()pgAfricaooksoradershoftheealthvent.TetentoreardWHOaselfleiphehydgthleaderofthisrescuework.TheythinkeverynationaslaershouldobetheorderofpyyWHO.Moreover,theycallonmoreplayerstotakepartinsincetheyareshortoffoodsandmedicalsuliesasindicatedinexamle9.Africalastheroleofbeineledppp(.)pyghpThepoliticalleadersinAfricaninfectedcountriesurgenationsaroundtheworldtoassstteareventionworkanthereconstructionofAfricanmedicasstem.ihEbolpdlyObamawhoreresentsthesuremeowerofAmericaisickedouttocallformore,ppp,phelpfromAsian,EuropeanandAmericancountries.ThenewsacceptstheleadershipofWHOandAmerica.Thereforetheholdthatalltheothernationsshouldtakeactionsas,ywhatAmericadoes.TosummarizedifferentcountriladifferentlesinDamaMetaphor.Chinai,espyrorstheeacekeeer.AmericaisreardedastheleaderHAt.oweverfricaisdescribedasheppg,heled.Therolethatdesinedforeachcountrisdeterminedbalotofhistoricalpgyy,culturaleconomicalandoliticalfactors.,pThebackgroundofadoptingDramaMetaphordatesbacktoWilliam’Shakespearestime.Inoneofhissonnetshecomaredtheworldasastaeandallmen,pgandwomenmerelyplayers.IntheEboladisease,allthenationsareregardedasplayerswithAfricancontinentaslatform.Eachnationhasitsidealroleandrolethatushedpp”“”““bothers.ChinaseekstheroleofeacekeeerandAmericaleaderAfricatheypp,,”helped.“”Chinapursuespeaceandtriestoconstructapeacefulandfriendlynationimage.AswhatcanbeinferredfromthenewsChinahasalreadbecomethesecondlargest,y"55economicentt.HoweversomenatonsadvocateChinaisThreattotheWorldaniy,iduregardtheroseritofChinaasdamainthecontemorarbalanceofworldowerppyggpyp”distribution.Americaontheotherhandreardsitselfastheexecutorofworldrules.,,g“”Byadvocatingtheideaoffreedom,Americahaslaunchwarstowardsseveralcountriesaswhathavementionedabove.Sincebeingtroubledbyeconomicsituation,mostofAfricancountriesareunderdeveloped.Diseaseandwarsarefrequently“’,happenedinthisarea.Uptillnowthestilllacethemselvesastheheled.The,yppconceptthatallthewealthycountriesshoulddonateorcontributetotheconstructionofAfricaisrevailedbothinAfricaandotherreionsoftheworld.Tosummarizeduetopg,theinfluenceofreliiousoliticalandculturalfactorsChinaAmericaandAfricaasag,p,,wholehavetheirowndistinctroletola.py51 福州大学硕士学位论文InDramaMetaphor,everyplayerhashisorherroletoperform.Correspondingly,theyaresupposedtotiytheirbesttofiilfilltheirdutiesoftheirroles.ThediscursivepurposeofusingDramaMetaphoristosetdutiesforeachcountryinEbolarevention.pPublttttticopinionabouheroleofcounriesinfluencesheimagesofnaions.Ifthenationdoesnotaccomlishitsroletheleadersorsocialrousofthenationwillbeblamedp,gp9forderelictionofduty.Thismetaphorishelpfulforsupervisingcountriesactionondiseaserevention.p3.3SummaryThischapterdoesCriticalMetaphorAnalysisoftheidentifiedmetaphorsinthesett-tt-leceddaaofEbolarelaednews.FivemaormeahorsWarMetahorCriminaljpp,ttRM-MetahorObsacleMeahoreliionetahorandDramaMetahorareidentifiedp,p,gppandanalyzed.Mappingsofeachmetaphorandfrequenciesofthekeywordsareclearlyluresandt.Ettistedinfigablesxamplesofmeaphoricalexpressionsinthereporsareivenandanalzedindeta.gyiledWarMetaphorplaysamajorroleinWPC,CDCandSANCcorpora,accountingfor57.9%and57t.t.8%and59.3%respecivelyThefrequentuseofWarMeaphorisduetothefactthateachcountryhasitsexperiencesofwarorisnowundergoingthewar.CriminalMetaphorandObstacleMetaphorhavearatherlowproportion.CriminalMetahortakesu19.2thantheothertwocororapp%inSANCwhichismuchmore.,pReligionMetaphorandDramaMetaphorislessusedbutthedifferencesamongthreecorporaaredistinct.AmericancorpusandAfricancorpussharethesamecognitiveframeofChristianityinReligionMetaphorbutChinesecorpusholdsthespiritsofChinesePeopledLiberationArmy.DramaMetaphorisinleastasforcoveragebutfrom’whichdifferentnationsrolescanbeerceived.ItissourcedfromShakesearesonnetppwhichregardsWORLDISASTAGEandLIFEISADRAMA.Americaisregardedas“”“”“”leaderChinaaeacekeeerandAfricancountriesastheheled.,spppObstacleMetahorwhichisderivedfromLIFEISJOURNEYandLIFEISAp,STRUGGLEFORSURVIVALmetaphor.AllthethingsstopthereventionworkfrompmovinforwardarereardedasobstaclesAccordinlhemedicalworkersandothergg.gy,torganizationssetupobstaclestoreventthediseasefromsreadin.ReliionMetahorppggp,’whichcontainsanationgroupsbeliefandsocialvalues,istoencouragemedicalworkersandpatients.Hopeisgiventothepatients,theinnocentandthemedicalworkersDramarwhichoriinatesfromIr.MetaphogWORLDSASTAGEmetapho,,52 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveconsidersnationsaslaers.Eachcountrhasitsownroletolaandhasitsownpyypydutiestofulfill.Thechoiceofmetahordeendsonwhichstaethediseaseisoingnandtheppggo,nationcitizensgrouppsychologywhichisessentialforthemtoconcetualizetheppublicevents.NewsagenciesadoptdiferentmetaphorstorealizetheirurosesandppmakesenoisareahorandCrmnalMeahorareusedomakeeseftheirdea.WMtpiitptthpublicalerttothediseasebutbringpanicandfearatthesametime.ObstacleMetaphoristounitealltheforcetoreventEbola.ReliionMetahorisadotedduetotherootedpgpprelonstveeanaoaeoecognitionandinfluenceofigi.Iisusedtogihopdfithtllppl.DramaMetaphoristocheckifallnationshavefiilfilledtheirduties.53 福州大学硕士学位论文-ChaterFourImaeConstructionviaEbolarelatedpgMetahorsp55Intiiischaterthesubectsandthenationsimaesinhebola-relatednewsaretEp,jgexploredviametaphors.Asmentionedabove,reportsonEbolafromdifferentcountriesshouldnotbemerelyregardedasmedicalincidentsorpublichealthcrisis.Theyareconflictsofdifferentideoloiesandowerrelations.Lanuaeasointedoutbgpgg,pyFaircloughcouldbethemostimortantmedixmiofsocialcontrolandower.News,ppreortsareticalexamleoflanuaeuseandlanuaeismetahoricalinbroadsense.pyppggggpTherihttocontrollanuaeadotedinnewsaersistherighttocontrolthechoiceofgggpppmetahorclassificationssincelanuagedeliversitsmeaningthroumetahorsSunpgghp(Zhixiang,2009:154).Differentconnotationscanbeimpliedevenfromthesamelinguisticexpression.Metaphorislingidsticandideological.Byanalzingmetahorsinypnewsreports,theideologiesandpowerrelationsinthenewscanbeperceived,ecmaeConstructonvaEbo-4.1TheSubtsIgiilarelatedjMetaphors’4sImaenEbo-reated.1.1TheMedicalWorkergilalMetahorspThemedicalworkersincludedoctors,nurses,medicalexpertsandotherworkerswhoinvolveintherescuework.Inthemetaphorsdiscussedabovetiieareascribedto,ydifferentimaesincludinfihtersolicemenandlaers.Insomecasesthecaaturnggg,ppy,ytopatientsaswell,whichisquitedifferenttotheirpositiveimagesasfighters,olicemenandlaers.ppyInWarMetahorthemedicalworkersalonwithovernmentsandotherp,,ggorganizationsaredeictedasfihtersandreardedasheroesbecausethefihtbravel,pggygyandskillfullyinthebattleground.Theyworkwiththevirus,whichalsopulstiiemintothedangerofbeinginfectedwiththedisease.Inordertorotectthemselves,theywearprotecivemsksandlsnreardlessofhedelvimshehavetoaltheirtaove.Itadtpggy,yppyprofessionalknowledgeasweapontotreattheatients.Inordernottobeoverwhelmedpbythediseasethehavetosharenweaons:toeducatetheinnocenttosteuthe,ypp,pp54 AnalwslhAComarativeisonElaNReortsfromCriticaMearAnalssPersecvepysboeptpoyiptiaceoftvaccinet.tinveninoseturotectivemeasuresTheirselflesssiritsearnhempg,pppthereutationofheroeswhichtosomeextenthasboostedthemora.tleOhereolep,ppwhohavenotyettakepartinthebattleareencouragedtolearnfromthem.Inthis7metaphorthemedicalworkersimaeasbravefihterisemhasizedandraised.,ggppInCriminalMetahorthemedicalworkerslatheroleoftheolicemenwhosep,pypdutistocatchthecriminals.Inthismetaorthearereardedasheroesofyph,ygeacekeeerrotectorofsocialorderandreresentativeofusticewhosentencethepp,ppjdeviltothecourt.Variouskindsoftracinmethodsareutilizedsuchassearchingg,locatinandmonitorin.Asolicementhealsohavetoburdentheresonsibilitofg,gp,ypyeducatinthecriminals.ConseuentlthemedicalworkerscatchtheEbolavirusongqy,onehandandtakecareoftheatientsandthelikelinfectedeoleontheotherhand.pyppTheyarebotholicemenandcarers.pInObstacleMetahorthemedicalworkersaredeictedastravelerswhoarep,pconfrontedwithdifficultiesintheathwa.Thesetuobstaclestoreventtheviruspyypp,whichrequiresthemtoapplytheirmedicalknowledetodaillifeskillfull.Thehavegyyytobearthedanerthatoncetheobstaclesthesetuarenotstronenouhthevirusgypgg,willwieoutthecountrAfricacontinentandeventhewholeworld.Ofcoursethepy,,yarethefrontrouthatthediseasettt.islikeloaackgpyInReligionMetaphor,themedicalworkersinAmericaandAfricaholdthebeliefthatwiththemercandheloftwilldotttt.TGodheheirbestorescueheinfecedheyp,yyaremissionersofGodwhosavethevictimsfrompanicandagony.UnlikethesecountriesChinesemedicalworkersbelievethatthearemissionerssentbtheir,yymotherland.TheyworkwiththeencouragementofthespiritsofChinesePeopledLiberationArmy.TheyareproudoffulfillingtheirdutiesinAfricaalthoughtheworkmaydevetheirlives.priIDraMttttnmaeahorhemedicalworkersarereresentaivesofheirowncountr.p,pyTheworktheyhavedoneforAfricanpeoplereflectsthedutiesthattheirowncountryhastofulfill.However,theirrolesarenotsignificantlymarkedbuttheyserveasthesuortinforcefortheirownhostcountr.Thereforethearealsoreardedaslaerppgy,ygpyinEbolastage.WhattheyaredoingintheEbolapreventionshowsthestandpointoftheirmotherland.Tosomeextend,itistheirselflessdevotionthatshowsthehumanitycaretoAfricaoftheirmotherland.Themedicalworkersenjoytheappreciationofbeingbraveheroes.However,theyalsosufferfromhighressureofmedicalworkingandhighriskofbeinginfected.ThepycanturntopatientsaswelloncethevirusreysonthemasthecaseoftheAmericanp55 福州大学硕士学位论文doctorsandotherAfricandoctors.Unlikethosecommonpatients,theyaretreatedin’riority.ThetwoAmericandoctorsweresenttotheUandfinallrecoveredDoctorsp.Sy.deathalwayscausesfearandpanictothepublicalthoughfavorableremarksaregiventothem.Theydieinspiteofreceivingintensivemedicalcare.InsummarthemedicalworkersareendowedwiththeortraitsofheroesThey.,pyareboththeheroesofthediseasecontrolandheroesoftheirnationsandcontnentsi.Oncetheyareinfectedthereceivesecialtreatmentcomaredwiththosecommon,ypppatientsandhavetherioritofaininadvancedmedicaltreatmentandtest.pygg4-.1.2ThePatienfsImageinEbolarelatedMetaphorsThepatientsarethosewhoareinfectedwithEbolavirus.Someofthemareconfinedtobedinthehospitalsandsomearedriftingawaamonthecommoneole.ygppTheattitudestowardsthepatientsarereflectedinthemetaphorsandthusthroughmetahorstheirimaesareconstructed.Generallseakinthearereardedasthep,gypg,ygcombinationoft.devilandfighingsoldiersInWarMetahoratientsarereardedasfihters.Atthesametimetheirbodiesp,pgg,’arebatleroundwhichmakesthemcarriersoftheenemsowerfu-thelweaong,yppvirus.Asafihterthehtfortheirittrwill.Ilttttliveswhsonfosehebalehehaveg,yfigg,ytoatheirlivesforrice.TheareencouraedtoeradicatethevirusenemandliveaspypygyabravefihterHowtt.T.everashecarriersofvirusheareshunnedawabothersog,,yyythecommoneoletheareenemandshouldbekil.tledTheirinfecedbodiescausepp,yy5fearandanictotheublic.Sincetheatientsbodiesaredescribedasbattleroundpppg,testsoft.Dtttttvaccinefallonhemendlesslyrugsareusedinheirbodiesosupporhemofihtbackthevirusttttt..Asaresulaatienishecombinaionoffiherandenemg,pgyInCriminalMetahortheatientsarereardedasvictimsandthevirusaskiller.p,pgThepatientcanbeeasilyhuntedbythepowerfulkiller.Thosepatientswhohavebeeninfectedbuthavenotbeensenttotheuarantinearereardedasotentialkillertotheqgpinnocent.TheseinfectedersonsareexectedtobeisolatedandutintothehositalsorppppuarantPtttrttt-tttqines.aiensareresicedinoheuarantinehewardbecauseheconainqythedeadlyvirus.Onlywhentheyarecuredandtestedsafetothepubliccantheybereleasedandfreetoreturntothecommunity.Consequentlywecandrawaconclusion,thatintheCriminalMetaphor,thepatientsaremostlyregardedasvictimsofthevirusandprisonersthatshouldbecarefixllymonitored.InObstacleMetahortheatientsarereardedasweaktravelerswhosehsicalp,pgpy56 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveinresconditionsaretoopoortocontinuethefollowgourne.Asaulttheaskheljy,ypfromtiiemedicalexperts.Thegreatestobstacletheyfaceistheviras.Thevirushasdamaedtheirbodiesandmadethemsufferfromanicandisolation.Becausetheyaregpcarriersofthevirustheyareshunnedawabythecommoneole.Thereforethe,ypp,patientsbecomedangeroustravelerswhomayspreadthedeadlyvirastoothers.InReligionMetaphor,thepatientsaredepictedassohelplessthattheyputalloftheirfaithindivinerights.Godistheirbeliefwhennoenoughvaccineandadequatemedicalcareisrovided.Whentheyrecoverfromthediseasethetendtoattributep,ytheirrecoveriestomiracleofGod.Inthisaspecttheatientsaredeictedasloyal,ppChristianswhofollowtheoularwesternvalues.TheirrecoverieshaveustifiedtheirppjfaithinGod.Insummarytheatientsaredescribedtobeassivefitersrisoners,victims,,ppgh,pweakanddaneroustravelersloalChristian.Theirbodiesascontainersofthevirusg,y,,determinetheircompleximagesthatconstructedbythemetaphorsadoptedinnewsreortsThereforemorescholoicalandmedicalcareshouldbeofferedtothep.,pygatients.p’’’4.2AfricasChinasandAmericasImaeConstructionvia,gEbola-relatedhorsMetapNowadays,thesocietyrealityisbecomingtobeconstructedbythereportsofthemedia.Imressionsandudmentstowardsthesocialrealitareinfluencedbmasspjgyymediatoareatextent.Similarlasthelobalizationsreadstoeverasectofourlifegy,gpypandalmosteverycomeroftheworldcitizenswithinacountryearorseeother,hcountriesmostlybythenarrationsofthemediathattheycanreachinhandbutnotbypersonalexperiences(ZhangYuqiang,2002).Inthiscase,fromthenewsreports,wecanerceivehowothercountriesmaconsiderChinaAmericaandAfrica.Throupy,ghhors-metaanalyzedinEbolarelatednewsimaesofnationsaremanifestedwhichwillp,gbefurtherexlainedinthissection.p“”’4stedIma-reated.2.1AfricaheHelpgeinEbolalMetaphorsNewspapersfromthreecountrieshavedifferentfocusesontheirreportsoftheEboladisease.HowevertheallareeontheneativeimaeofAfrica.CDCutsmore,ygggp57 福州大学硕士学位论文atentiononthedevelopmentofAfricanEbolarescuework.WPCgraduallychanges'fromthediseasetothecriticismofAfricaninhabitantslivinhabitstraditionandtheg,conflictsbetweenAfricancountries.SANCdepictsAfricaashelplessandcallsformorehelpfromothercountries.AswhatcanbeindicatedfromthedatawecouldsearchsofarAfricahasalwasbeentaedwithovertchaosterrorismanddisease.These,yggpy,,aeotbuonedatarsaedbreorttenewsimgsdonildupinybuegraduallyhpypsofhagenciesandotherliteraturebooks.ToomuchattentionhasbeenaidtotheneativepgaspectsofAfricawithneglectingitsfasteconomicdevelopingandcolorfulcultures.ByanazntemeaorsadotedntheseectedEboareortsweurtherexoelyightphpillp,fplrethmaeconstructonrocessofrcaanexanthettesuteigipAfidplifactorsharlinthcontemporaryAfricannegativeimressions.pInWarMetaphors,firstly,AfricanmedicalworkersserveasfightersbuttoomuchfocushasbeenaidtotheAmericanmedicalworkersasfightersinCDCSANCandp,WPC.Accordingtothereportsthemaorforcetofihttheenemandtakeeffective,jgyrotectvemeasuresaanstthevruscomesfromAmerica.Americasscribespigiiidedahavingthemostadvancedmedicaltechnology.TestsonvaccinehavebeenrepeatedlycarriedoutonanimalsandgraduallytotheinfectedvolunteersbyAmericanmedicalexerts.HoweverfromthereortsofWHOallreortsareretrevedfromp,p(pihttp://www.who.int/en/),wecanhaveacomparativeobjectiveviewontheroleofAfrica.InsteadthemaormedicalforcecomesfromAfricancountriesInordertocontrolthe.,jdiseasefromspreadingtherehavebeenhundredsofAfricandoctorsandnursesdied,fromthediseaseuptoOctober2014.ItissurprisingthatrelatedreportsontheseissuesarerarelyseenfromthereportsofAmerican,Chinesenewsagencies.Fromthereports,itseemsthatAfricanmedicalworkersaresituatedinthesecondaryrescueforceinEbolarevention.pSecondlthedescritionoftheenemiesinWarMetahorraduallshiftsfromy,ppgythevsant-reatednxmorstotheenvronmentantntsoirudheEbolalidamagedeaighabiftheAfricaninhabitants.Theyareaccusedofhuntingbushmeetandprocessinganimalswithoutanyprotectivemeasures.Examplescanbeseenfromthetitleofnewsreportsof"TheWashingtonPost,suchasWhyWestAfricanskeephuntingandeatingbushmeat”“”despiteEbolaconcerns,WillclimatechangeworsenEbolaoutbreaksandsoon.Howevernoneofthesekindsofreortsexistintheothertwonewsaers.Africasi,pppn5regardedasgeneralbattleroundwheremanycoutriesmedicalexpertsettogethertoggtackleEbola.TherearealotofepidemicsoriginatedfromAfrica.EbolareportshavemoreorlessbeenrelatedtoreviousdiseasesreortssuchasAIDS.Duetosomanpp,y58 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective“”’’”“”diseaseshappeninthisarea,Africaistaggedwithdisease,plagueandepidemic.5Theinhabitantslivinghabitsareblamedforthecauseofdiseaseswhicharerelatedto,thepooreconomicsandeducationofAfricainAmericanreports.Thirdly,weapons(medicaltreatment)adoptedbytheAfricanmedicalworkersaredeictedasineficient.InAfricannewsreortstheovernmentscallformoremedicalpp,gsuortsfromothercountries.Theareshortoftentsmedicalsuliesfoodswhichppy,pp,,arethemostbasiccategoriesforEbolarescue.SamereportscanbefoundinbothChineseandAmericannews.ThedifferenceisthatChinesenewsagencyputsmoreattentiontoChineseselflesssulwithallthemedicaldevicesfoodsmoneandppy,,ymanninwhileAmericannewsaencemhasizintheineficientoftheauthorialg,gypgWHO’organizationssuchasandAmericasoferinadvancedmedicaltestonvaccine.()gInCriminalMetahorthekilleristhevirus.HoweveraccordintoAmericanp,,gnewsreortsthedamaeofenvironmentlivinabitsoftheinhabitantsfreuentlp,g,gh,qyhappenedwarsarealsoincludedtothecauseofkillingtheinnocentasdiscussedinWarMetaphor.ThiskindofreportscanbefoundinTheWashingtonPost,butarerareinthe’othertwonewspapers.PeoplesimpressiontowardsAfricaisdistorted.WarsarefrequentlyhappenedinAfricancountries,whichresultsintheireconomicallybackwards.Pooreconomicsituationcausestheundevelopedmedicallevel.AccordingtoCDCrumorsabouttheinexistenceofEbolaareduetotheoorandshortaeof,pgmedicaleducationamongthelocaleole.AfricannewsreortsreardtheircountriespppgtEbolaE-wttasthevicimsof.bolashouldraiseworldideconcernswihallnaionscomingandhelinAfrica.Thehavelacedthemselvesinaverassiverolepg.ypypInObstacleMetahorallthemedicalstaffsareunitedinsiteoftheirdifferencesp,pinskincolor,nationandclass.TheAfricandoctorsandsoldiersareworkinghardtocontrolthediseasealthoughChineseandAmericanreportsaremoreconcernedabout’A’theirowncountrsmedicalworkers.Generallseakinfricanovernmentsefortsyypg,gareafirmedandpraised.However,toomanyobstaclesappearintheprocessofreventinbolavirussuchasshortaeofmedicalworkersandfood.medicalsuliespgE,gpp,TheseobstaclesaresupposedtoberemovedwiththeassistanceofothercountriesNA?accordingtothereportsofSouthAfricaews24.saresult,Africasnegativeimageisreemphasized.OfcoursereortsfromAmericaandChinaaattentiontotheirreat,ppygcontributiontotherescuework.ttInReliionMeahorAfricanmedicalworkersandatiensaredescribedasloalgp,pyChristianityinallcorora.TheworkersworkunderthefaithofGodandatientsascribepptheirrecoveriestotheirprayandGod^mercy.Tosomeextend,thisreflectsthegreat59 福州大学硕士学位论文n5ifluenceofthewesternvalues.MostAfricancountriesusedtobewesterncountriescoonsaresutfricaisreardedasinheritorofwesternvalues.Fromeionly.Al,AgRligMetaphor,wecanseewhyAfricaalwaysfallsinthetrapofAmericanreportssuchasaccusinthedamaeofenvironmentlivinandeatinhabitsofthelocaleole.gg,ggppAlthoughAfricanagencieshavethewilltoconstructpositiveimageforitselfthehue,gtttttinfluenceofwesernvaluesandhemighofAmericamakehisideahardorealize.MA"InDramaetahorasdiscussedintheabovechaterfricalastheroleofthep,p,py’’helped,whichisdecidedbyitseconomicconditionandpassiveroleindiseaseprevention.InWPCcorpus,leadershiphasneverbeenattachedtoAfricancountries.America,however,ispraisedtobetheleaderofthewholerescue.ThereportshaveshiftedfromthediseasetotheovertchaosandconflictsinwesternAfrica.Neativepy,g“”“”“”wordslikeooruneducatedanduncivilizedareusedtodescribeAfricaandp,citizensthere.InsummarreortsonEboladiseaseshiftfromthedescritionofthediseasetoy,pp’theneativeasectsofAfricancountries.Theenvironmenttheinhabitantslivingp,ghabitsandtraditiontheconflictsbetweencountriesareaccusedforthecauseofthe,d.Autttsswaitomttr.Aiseasefricaisinoheaivelaceinforhelfrohercouniessppp,gpVanDikointsoutthatifasocialrouisusualldeictedasresonsibleforneativejpgpyppgbehaviorsorinvolvedinsuchbehaviorstheroositionframesthemselvesshaethe,ppp’-rousneativeimaes.Moreovertherelatedreortshaveideoloicalbiasedbasisgpgg,pgV’anDik2005.DuetotheAfricasneativeimaeconstructedbthenewsinthe(j,)ggy,followingsection,thepresentstudywillgodeepintothereconstructionofAfrica^positivenationalimage.’“”4-.2.2ChinasthePeacekeeperImageinEbolarelatedMetaphorsAswhatisindicatedinthecollecteddatathereisnotmuchcoveraeonChinain,gSouthN24ThWatP.FttttAfricaewsandeshingonostromheilescollectedfromhethreenewsaenciesdatinfromJune2014toSetember2014onltwoarticlesmentionggp,yaboutCh21E-tLinainSouthAfricaNews4\ChinaupsmedicsinbolahiSierraeone();(2ChinesequarantinedinSierraLeoneandonearticleinTheWashingtonPost:)u9'oErImrtantalertomChinesestatemedia:Nobolaisntazombievirus.Onthep,fr’contrary,mostofarticlesfromCTwV^aDa办areonChinaseffortsinhelpingWest“”AfricancountriesoutoftheEboladisease.Chinapursuestheroleofpeacekeeperin60 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective’Africaasmentionedabove.HoweverChinasroagandainAfricaseemstobe,ppineffectiveandrequiresimprovement.AccordingtoChinaDaily,inWarMetaphor,Chinesemedicalworkersaredescribedasbravefighterswithadvancedmedicalknowledge.TheyregardAfricanocaoctorsandnursesasbrohersandsistersTheirsacrificesarereardedslldt.gafulfillmentofthetasksassignedbymotherland.AccordingtoReligionMetaphorthe,yareencouragedbythespiritsoftheLiberalArmy.TheyholdthebeliefthattheareyreresentativesofChinaandshouldbehaveroerlandworkhard.pppyInCriminalMetahorChinalastheroleofassistantoftheolicementhelocalp,pyp(medicalworkersandsoldiers.ChinahassetuphospitalsinAfricatohelptheinfected)andreventmoreeolefrombeincautbthevirus.SuliesfromChinaareivenpppgghyppgA’outhere.TherelatedreportsinfricannewsagenciesareevidenceofChinascontributiontothediseaserevention.pInObstacleMetahorifwereardChinaasatravelerwithalltheothercountriesp,g’ttttAlltinheahChinasroleinthiseamisahelinraveler.hecountrieseseciallp,,pgpyWestAfricancountries,areconfrontedwithdifficultiesnotonlyinlivinggoodsandfoodsbutalsoinmedicaldevicesandmannin.InordertocontrolthediseaseChinag,offersselflesshelptothemandworkwiththemtoothrouhthenihtmare.BecauseofgggCh’inashelAfricareducestheEboladeathandimrovesoverallmedicalcaretop,ppatients.“”AsmentionedinDramaMetaphor,Chinapursuestheroleofpeacekeeperwhich“”“”ttrtisdeerminedbyChineseaditionalvaluesofharmonandeace.ChinaadvocaesypthatwiththeraideconomicdevelomentChinawillnotbeathreattotheworldbutapp,increasinowerforthemihtofeacewhichisreflectedinChina^selflessassistancegp,gptoAfricainfoodrovisionmedicalsulandmanninsuort.UnlikeAmericap,ppygpp,ChinahasneverproposedtheleadershipoftheEbolapreventionorworld.HelpingAfricaisregardedashelpingbrothersandsisters.ItisastrikingcontrastbetweenChinesedomesticreportsandforeignreportson’’theissuesofChinasrescueactivitiesinAfrica.ChinasimageinAfricaisinseparable“”“artofChinainternationalimae.RumorsofNewColonismChinaisathreattopg,”’“”AfricaasthewesterncountriesholdarereatdamaetoChinaseacekeeerimaeggppginAfrica.TheserumorshavegraduallybecomehindersofthefriendlyrelationshipbetweenChinaandAfrica.Theseearshaveseentheimrovincooerationinthefieldypgp’ofoliticseconomandcultureswhichurentlreuiresChinasfavorableimaein,,pygyqg9AAfricancountries.TheconstructionofChinasositiveimageinfricashouldnotp61 福州大学硕士学位论文?merelyrelyondomesticmedia.MorepublicityofChinasissuesinAfricanmediashouldbeeffectivelycarriedout.Insummarhinaisreardedasbravefihterassistanthelinavelerandy,Cgg,,pgtr“”’“”peacekeeper.ChinaspursuitofpeacekeeperimageinAfricashouldbroadenitsways.MoreexposureofChineseositiveissuesinoverseasnewsreortsshouldbeaidpppattentionto.’“”4sLeaderI-.2.3AmericathemageinEbolarelatedMetaphors’CoverageofnewsreportsonAmericaissecondtoAfricasfromwhichthe-wworldideinfluenceofAmericanmediacanbeerceived.Generallseakinallofpypg,thethreeselectednewspapersaffirmtheositiverolethatAmericalaedintherescueppywork.WPCdescribesAmericaasaggressiveandowerfulinleadintherescue.Bothpg’CDCandSANCpraiseAmericasadvancedmedicaltechnologyandagreeontheositiveroAm.Americahasbeenadvocatiipleofericaingtssuprememissonof“”revaittittl.plingfreedomandweserncivilizaonoevercomerofhewordGuidedbyythisbelief,Americansseetheircultureandvaluesassuperiortoothercountries.Americalacesherselfasleaderoftheworldcreatorandrotectoroftheresentworldp,pporderwhichcanbeseenthrouhthemetahorsadotedinEbolareorts.,gpppInWarMetahoraccordintoTheWashingtonPostAmericanmedicalworkerspy,garethemaorforceandthestronestteamcomaredtoothercountries.Ancountrjgpyythathasmoredevelopedmedicaltechnoloissuretohaveobtainedthepowerfulgyweaponagainsttheenemy(Eboladisease).ThereisnodoubtthattheadvancedtechnicaldevelomentofAmericahelsherositiveimaeconstructioninAfricapppg,whichcanbeseenfromthereportsofSouthAfricaNews24.AfricannewsagenciesadmittheleadershiofWHOandAmerica.WHOisanoranizatpgionwhichisresonsibleforthehealthanddiseasecontroloftheworld.ThatWHOleadstherescuepmanaementof.tgEbolameetsourexpectationHoweverAmericaakintheleadinrole,gginAfricaismoreorlesshegemonistic.AmericachallengestheleadershipofWHO^whichcanbeseenfromthetitlesofTheWashingtonPostsuchasWhytheWHOcould^notstoptheEbolaoutbreakandCantheWorldHealthOrganizationlead?Dowe9,wantitto?.ItseemsthatAfricahasacceptedtheroleofAmericawhichcanbe,'inferredfromquantityandcontentsofthereportsinAfrica,suchasWecanstopEbola^''"''-USextansionariesbeatEbolaInChinesereortsAmericaisreardedperdUSmis.p,g62 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveasfterswarewel-euiedThearefriendstoChinesemedicalwoersTeighholqpp.yrk.hern’slittecoveraeaboutherecoitionofAmericasleadinrole.Insteadmorereortsilgtgg,pa’reconcernedaboutAmericassendingsoldiersandotherassistancetoAfricancountries.InCriminalMetahorAmericanmedicalworkersareassistantsofthelocalp,governmenttolocatetheinfectedpatients.AsdiscussedinWarMetaphor,becauseAmericahascomarativebetermedicaltechnolothearereardedasefficientandpgy,yghelpfulintheprocessoflocatingandarrestingthecriminalstheatientsandthe(psusiciousinfectedeole.Aatientsarecriminalsaccordintothismetahorpmerican.pp)pgpHoweverthereceivedreferentialtreatment.ThearesenttoAmericaforsecialand,ypypthemostadvancedmedicaltreatmentandtest.Finallythearerecoveredwhichalso,y,givescredittoAmericanpositiveimage.AllthethreecorporamentionaboutthedevelopedmedicaltechnologyinAmerica.InObstacleMetahorAmericaisonloneofthetravelerswhohavetotacklewithp,ythedifficultiesintheath.Inthereortssomeofterctnsatewhichphiiizereinfecdcanp,,beregardedastheobstaclesthatthecountrymeets.TheirsolutionistransferringthepatientstoAmericaandtakingoodcareofthem.Itturnsoutthattheirideaworkswell.gAsaresult,theysolvetheproblemwiththeiradvancedmedicaltreatment.AccordingtoAmericanaenciesthearesueriortoothertravelerscountriesindailoodssulg,yp()ygppyandmedt.Americacanberetttricalcaresysemgardedasawealhierandhealhieravelerinthisaspect.Moreover,fromthereportsofSouthAfricaNews24,Americaisastrongtravelerandbecauseofitshugestrength,AmericashouldhelpAfricacountriesastheyarecompanionsinourne.Thesharethesamedestinationoalofcontrollinthejyy(g)gdisease.IReliionMetahorAmericaisdeictedasmiss.AnionerofGodmericanmedicalgp,p’workersworkwiththefaithofGodtosaveeoleslivesandtheatientsrafortheirppppyheattItttttteilhoGod.isdueoheirChrisianiybeliefthaAmrcangovernmentareencouraedtooffermorehumanitarianaidtoAfricawhichcanbeseenfromalloftheg,^threecorporaandtitlesofthereportssuchasUStoprovide¥75mtoexpandEbola^carecentres.ChristianvalueshaveinfluencedAfricancountriesinaskingmorehelpfromothercountries.AfricanagenciesholdthateverycountrintheworldshoulddoasyAmericadoessinceEbolahasbecomethreattoallhumanity.“”InDramaMetahorAmericalastherole.AmttleaderOnlericasandsoutop,pyyuestiontheleadershiofWHO.AfricannewsalsoivestheleaderroletoAmericaqpg,’“”whichisareatcontrasttoChinasadvocatininitseacekeeerrolebutreceivinggppg63 福州大学硕士学位论文littleresponse.AsdiscussedinReligionMetaphor,thisislikelyduetotheinfluenceofwesternideasinAfrica.Insummaiy,America^positiveimagesasmajorforce,helpfulassistantpolicemen,ttAmeimorancomanionreliionmissionerandleaderareduetoricandeveloedpp,gpeconomadvancedmedicaltechnoloandtherevailofwesternChristianvaluesiny,gypAfrica.’4.3ReconstructionofAfricasPositiveNationalImaeg5DaAsdiscussedinSection4.2.1AfricasimaesinChinailandTheWashinton,gygPostarealwaysnegativeandpassive.EventhoughSouthAfricaNews24isoneoftheA5mostinfluentialnewsaersinfricaitcannotbuilduAfricasositiveimaeorpp,ppgsaveAfricafrombeindescribedartiallinthewort.Tttsgpldsaehrouhhemeahoryggp-adotedinEbolarelatednewsAfricaisassivefihter,weaktravelerandtheheled.p,pgpReortsonEbolaraduallturnintothecriticismofAfricanenvironmentlivinhabitspgy,g,disorderedsocietandotherneativeasects.ItisurentthatAfrttyicashouldreconsrucgpgtitsosiivereionimae.pggAsinDrMtAtl.In2000Thindicatedamaeahorfricareardsiselfastheheedep,gp,"EconomistaworldfamousnewsournalinEnlanddescribedAfricaashoeless^jg,p”AfricainitsmaazinecoverstorLonXiaonon20095.ThwaA:eonlforfricagy(gg,)yygettingfreefromtheboundofovertistofollowtheuidanceofthewesterncountries.pygThefactisthatAfricaradualllosesitsselfidentityinworldstae.Itwascolonizedgyg’fordecadesanditscountriespopularvaluesandadvocatingoliciesareclosertothosepof.AthewesternworldHoweverthisdoesnotchanetheimaeconstructionoffricain,ggworldstage.ItisadmittedthatsomeAfricanleadersandeliteshaverealizedtheproblemofneativeandbiasedreortstoAfricaissues.In2005theAfricanPresidentialgp,RoundtableMeetinwasheldinSouthAfricaandAmer.Therewere13gicasuccessivelypresidentswhoresentedinthemeeting.TheyinvestigatedreportsconcernedaboutpAfricainNewYorkTimes,WashingtonPost,WallstreetJournal,AmericaTodayandUNewsandWorldeortfrom1994o2004ThefindthatthosereortsareasedNRpt.ypbiandfarfrombeingobjective,suchasneglectingthesteadyeconomicdevelopmentundertheleadershipofNelsonMandela.EducationwasthefieldthatleastbeingreortedLonXiaonon2009-Mostotereortaboutnettsg:710.fhsareaiveasecp(g,)pgpsuchasdiseases,conflictsinAfrica.Uptillnow,wehavenotseenanychangeofthese64 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivereportset.yInChinathestudonAfricaiscomarativellate.Theauthoritativemaazine,ypygaboutAfricaisWesternAfricaandAfricainwhichattentionwaspaidtothe’reconstructionofAfricasimae.ThedomesticreortsonAfricafocusonthefriendlygprelationshibetweenChinaandAfricancountries.FrommetahoricalviewChinapp,alwaysseesAfricaasfriendsorevenbrothersandsisters.Sofar,thenegativeimageofAfricainwesternmediahaveslowlybecomerestrictivefactorofAfricaeconomicandculturalprosperity.GettingfreefromtheboundofnegativeimageisimportantconsensusamongAfricanleaders.Theworldissteppingintoaneweraofsoftpowercompetitionsuchasculturesandmediummeasuresbetweencountries.Thereforetoursueandshaenationalimaehasbecome,gpp’’crucialstrategyforimprovingnationssoftstrength.AfricasimageconstructedbywesternmediaareroectionoftherelationshibetweenAfricaandwesterncountriespjp,A’whichisillustratedinreportsaboutfricaindetail.ToreconstructAfricasimagerequirestheeffortsfromseveralaspects.Firstly,asindicatedfromWarMetaphor,Africashouldtaketheinitialroletopreventthediseaseinsteadofkeepingaskingothercountriesforhelp.ThereportsshouldtakeAfricanmedicalworkersasmaorforceinsteadofreardininternationaljggassistantworkersaselitefihters.Moreovermoresharenweaonsshouldbeinventedg,ppandaliedtothewarwhichreuiresAfricamakesmoreeffortsinthemedicalpp,qdevelopment.TobuildupthenotionofAfricaasawholeandtorealizetheunionofallAfricancountriesisimportantfortheincreaseofAfrica^speechrightintheworldstage.ItshouldbecommonlyareedthatonlalloftheAfricacountriesareunitedasagywholecantheytakeualaceandhaveseakinhtsintheworldstae.ThewesternpppgriggmediumandculturewithitsmihtowertrtobuilduconsensusamonAfrican,gyp,ypgeolewhichcanbeindicatedfromtheReMt.tliioneahorAthesametimethepp,gp,Africanmediaandculturesshouldwinwidelyagreementfromtheircitizens.Secondly,toavoidthenegativeimage,Africashouldbeconsiderateinthemetahorsadotedinthereorts.Forexamleintheillnessreortsiolencepppp,,pVMetaphorshouldbereducedsincetheycausetheassociationofarticulareventstothepsourcedomain.Diseasesareregardedasbattles.Warlanguageandcriminallanguageareusedtodescribehumanphysicalchange.Theycausefearandpanicamongtheubcermetahorscanbechoiceforthediseasereortssucasetonpli.Mildpp,hCompitiMetaphor(ZhangWei,2015).Allthenations,workersandpatientsareregardedasathleteswhocompeteforthechampionofcontrollingthedisease.Thismetahorcanp65 福州大学硕士学位论文realizethesameositiveeffectastheidentifiedmetahorsabove.ppThirdly,Africantraditionalculturecanpenetrateinthereports.InReligionMetaphorChristianitwordsareadotedinthedescritionofthefaithofmedical,yppworkersandtherecovermthofatients.Howevermorewasshouldbeexloredinyy,pyppublicityofAfricantraditionalcultures.Attentionshouldbeaidtothereconstructionp5Thofmedia.ThemediumissignifiedinspreadingAfricasimae.eirideasshouldnotgbeconfinedtodomesticconflictsandpoliticalpropaganda.NewsobectivitshouldjybreaktheboundofwesternvaluesandhaveAfricanstyleofperceivingtheworld.AsystematicudmentshouldbedeveloedtoustitheolicoftheAfricancountriesjgpjfypyaswho.leFourthly,asindicatedfromObstacleMetaphor,Africashouldimproveitsstrengthinunitinthothertravelerscountriestodeatttt.gwilwihthedificuliesinheahwa()pyAllyingwithandlearningfromotherdevelopingcountriesarehelpfiiltoAfrica.From1956ChinahasofferheltoAfricaconstruction.RelationshipbetweenChinaand,pAfricaisstead.trententeaeswerdevencountswillilygoodSghhlliithothlopigrieenhancenotmerelthedevelopmentineconomicsbutculturalandoliticalasectsofy,ppAfricaconstruction.IfAfricalearnsfromothersandmovesforwardonAfricanwaywithcombinationofAfricancurrentcondition,theprosperityofAfricaandconstruction’oftll.AfricasosiiveimaewiaroachpgppOfcourse,therearestillmanyaspectsthatAfricashouldmakeeffortstochangein’ordertoimrovet.AlAfrititsosiiveimaellinaltoimrovecasimaeinheworldppg,pgstageshouldchangethebiasedattitudestowardsAfricafirstly.TheworldshouldapymoreattentiontotheositiveaspectsandseemoreobectivelonAfricanissues.jyp’BesidesAfricasimaereconstructionthediseasereortsstemshouldbeg,pyimprovedaswell.Aswhatcanbeindicatedfromabovediscussion,diseasediscoursecontainsmantahorswhicharenotusedsearatetttrt.Tymepplybuinerpeneaiveheyareideologicalproductsundertheprocessingofmedium.Ebolareportsappeartobewar,criminalactivitieswhicharefarawafromitsoriinalself.Withmetahorstheygp,medicalworkerstheatientsandothersubectsareivenwithcertainidentitiesand,pjgbearthecorrespondingressure.Itisworthnotinthatatientswhoshouldbetakenpgpoodcareundermedicaltreatmentarereardedasenemtotheublicwhichisggyp,“”t.Ttttttublicunfavorabletoheirrecoveryheyarereatedasheoherrouohe.gppM’oreover,ideasofthemediumhavebecomethecompetitionresultofnationsttttttinerests.Diseasehasbeenaachedwihcerainmeaningsofmeaphorsandraduallgybecomessourcedomaintootherissuessuchasoliticaldiscourse.Mediumconstructsp66 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivethesocialmeaningofdiseasemetahorsandthemeaninconvestotheublicwithpgypideologicalbias.MetaphorsofillnessbringmoreanictotheatientsthanthediseaseppitselfsometimesthatthecasecanbeseeninAIDSpatients.Conseuentlthemediumshouldtaketheirresonsibilitofdeliverincorrectqy,pyghealthmessaestotheublic.Itisurgentthatthereortofillnessshouldbeimrovedygppptihiatmetaphoricalexpressionsshouldbereducedormildermetaphorsshouldbeadopted.TheoriginalidentityofillnessshallberevealedtothereadersasSontagsaidthatbringhor-metatoitsroducerandthustorealizemetahoricfreeviewonillnessdiscourse.ppp4.4SummaryInconclusion,themedicalworkersaredescribedpositivelyasfighters,heroesandolicemen.Howeverthematurntoatientsiftheareinfected.Doctorswhoarep,yypyinfectedalwasetrioritintreatmentforthesakeoftheirheroimaeheatientsygy.TpgparereardedasassivefihtersrisonersvictimsandloalChristians.Theirdeadgpg,p,ybodiesvdierethewarbreaksoutareregardedasenemiessincetheyhavebeenovertakenbythevirus.Thesecharacteristicsofatientsdeterminethedualimaesofpgtheatients.p-AmerNation^imaesinEbolarelatednewsmainlycoverChinaicaandAfrica.g,-whiChinarelatedissuesandnewsaremostlseeninCDCleseldomaearininthey,ppgothertwocorpora.ItisthepeacekeepingrolethatChinastrivestoplay.America,however,hasinfluenceinallofthecorpora.ItseekstheleadershipinAfricaissues.Itssueriorvaluesofcivilizationhaveimactontiiereportsofothercountries.Africaispp6t55locatedintheroleofthehelped.Itsneativeimaeneedtobechaned.Somewasgggy’arediscussedfortheAfricaspositiveimageconstruction.Inordertoobjectivelysee-thediseaseasdiseaseitselfthemetahoricfreeviewofdiseasediscourseisut,ppforwardustasSontasuested.jggg67 福州大学硕士学位论文Conclusion1.FindingsoftheStudyOnthebasisoftttAmAf-hecolleceddaainChineseericanandricanEbolarelated,newsreortsdatinfromJune2014toSetember2014theauthormakesidentificationpgp,,interretationandexlanationoftheconcetualmetahorswithinthereortswithpppppM-applyingtheCriticaletaphorTheoryproposedbyCharterisBlack.Contrastivestudybetweenthemaormetaorsisanalzedfromcriticalerspectivewithexamininjphypghistorical,culturalandpoliticalbackgrounds,anddiscursivepurposesoftheadopted’’’’’metaphors.Themedicalworkers,thepatients,Africas,ChinasandAmericas5maeareanathrouhtheidentifiedmetahorsReconstructionofAfrisigslyzedgp.caositiveimaeisdiscussedinhelastartThemaorfindinsareresenedasfollows:pgtp.jgptAsfarasmetaphorfrequencyisconcerned,waristhemostfrequentlyusedsourcedomaininallthethreecorpora.Allnewsagenciesareinclinedtodescribethediseasereventonasabattle.Unconsciousltheconvettiontotheublicthattihenohepy,yypcurrentinfectionconditionisascruelaswaroftecentur.WarMtaoorabhyephrisfavleindescribingthebeginninandclimaticstasofthe.CMtistgediseaseriminaleahorhegpsecondmostusedmetaphorofthereportssinceitrelatestohumandailyexperiences.WarMetaphorandCriminalMetaphoraresummarizedasViolenceMetaphor.BesidesViolenceMetaphor,metaphorslikeObstacleMetaphor,ReligionMetaphorandDramaMetaorareessuseduttheterstnctemases.ObsaceetaorasphlbyhavehidiiphtlMphpyattentiontotheimportanceofmedicalimprovement.ReligionMetaphorreflects5differentunderstandsoftheatientsrecoerFromDramahorhnationingpvy.Metapeac,setstheirroleinthereventionworkinwhichideologicalrelationscanbeerceived.ppBesides,theadoptionoftheidentifiedmetaphorsisconcernedwithhistorical,politicalandculturalbackgrounds.ItshouldbenotedthatthefrequentlyusedofWarMetaphorinthereportsisduetothesharedknowledgeofwarexperiencesamongChina,AfricaandAmerica.Chineseexperiencedwarforlongdecadesandnowis’admirinanduphoinsiritsofChinesePeolesLiberationArmwhichalsocanbegldgppy,indicatedfromReligionMetaphor.Americaisexperiencingwaragainstothercountries,suchasIraq.Warlanguageisnotstrangetothemasthereportsonwarscanbeseenfromeverymedium.Africaisexperiencingwarwithin.Conflictsaresofrequently68 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectivehappenedamongAfricancountriesthatitscitizensaresofamiliarwithwarlanguage,Thecatastrophicconsequenceofwarmakesthepublicalerttothediseasebutcausesfearinthesocietyontheotherhand.5Withresecttothesubectsimaeconstructionthemedicalworkersareendowedpjg,withthecharacteristicsofheroeswhosavetheatientsthecountriesandthecontinentp,frombeinoverwhelmedbthedisease.Howeverthecanturntoatientsaswellgy,ypwheninfectedbutreceivemedicaltreatmentfirst.TheatientsarereardedastassivepgpfightersinWarMetaphor,prisonersandvictimsinCriminalMetaphorandloyalChristianinReliionMetahor.Theirbodiesashostofthevirusdeterminetheirgp,,compleximagesthatconstructbythemetaphorsadoptedinnewsreports.Theyarelikelytobetreatedasenemiestothecommoneole.pp’“”Whenitcomestonationsimagesconstruction,Chinaisdepictedaspeacekeeper,“”“”AmericaleaderandAfricathehelped.Theirimagesaredecidedbynationalimageursuititseconomicdevelomenthistoricalandculturalfactors.Newsaersfromp,p,ppthreecountrieshavedifferentfocusesontheirreportsofEbola.Howevertheallaree,ygontheneativeimaeofAfri.TtmuchcoveratiggcahereisnogeonChinainSouhAfrcaNews24andTheWashingtonPost.AllthethreenewsaersaffirmstheositiveroleofpppAmerica.ItisurentforAfricatoetridoftttggnegaiveimageandodevelopnewosiivepimageintheworldstage.ItissuggestedthatAfricashouldactpositivelyindiseasepreventionandbeconsiderateinthemetaphorsadoptedinreports.Africantraditionalculturesshouldberespectedanddeveloped.Othercountriescanbeincludedassupportingforceindealinwithdifficultissues.gLastbutnottheleast,itshouldbecarefultochoosethemetaphorsusedinillnessdiscourse.ItissuggestedthatmildermetaphorsshouldbeadoptedsuchasCompetitionMetaphor.CompetitionMetaphordoesnotcauseanxietytothesocietybutachievesthesameeffectasViolenceMetaphor.ViolenceMetaphorshouldbereducedinapplyingtodescribethereventionofdiseasesinceWarlanuaeandcriminallanuaecausetoopggggmuchfearandanicamontheublic.Thechoiceofmetahorsnotonlreflectsthepgppydiscursiveintentionsandgoalsofthereportsbutalsoservesasmirrorofhumancognition.Humancognitionisinfluencedbytheideologiesinthereports.However,inturnthereortsshaehuman^wasofconcetualizinthingsaroundthem.Throuh,ppypggmetaphors,discursivepurposesoftheauthoritativeorganizationsuchasgivingalarmandshainstcountrostiveeareacheved-pghoypiimagi.Themetaphoricfreeviewistheendlesspursuitofthediseasediscoursewithnobiasedopinionappearinginthereportsandcausingsocialinequalit.y69 福州大学硕士学位论文2.ImplicationsoftheStudyTheresentstudimpliestheworthofillnessdiscourseresearchtheimortanceof,pypCriticalMetaphorAnalysisTheoryinanalyzingnewsreportsandtheconvenienceofcors-badsoftwaremeadotinguseintahorresearch.Criticalawarenessanddiverentpppgthinkingaredevelopedwhenideologiesandpowerrelationsarerevealedtoreaders.Reportersareenlightenedinadoptingproperkindsofmetaphorsinillnessandhealthdiscourse.Theoreticallmediadiscourseisreallworthofresearchingwhenowerrelationy,yyp,ideologyandhegemonyaretobeexplored.Theanalyzabilityandeffectivenessofna-CriticalMetaphorAlysisTheoryroosedbCharterisBlackhasbeendemonstratedppy-inheabovediscussion.Thistheorrovidesanallroundviewforanalzindiscoursetypygthatcontainsideoloicalbiaswitiiacombinationofsemanticsramaticsg,,pg,us-ucorpbasedlingisticsandcriticaldiscourseandysis.Criticalawarenessiscrucialfordiscoveringhiddenideologyandpowerrelationunderlyingmetaphorsthroughtheanalysisofmetaphors.Practus-metaicallcorbasedanalsisisverhelfulinuicklidentiiihorsy,pyypqyyngpintheselecteddataandlocatingthemetaphoricalexpressionsintheircorrespondingcontext,butthereisstillroomforimprovement.WithanalyzingmetaphorsinEbo-malarelatednewsreortsreadershaveabetterunderstandinofdiseasereortsp,ygpanditsframework,aswellastheideologicalandpowerrelationinthereports.Thereforecr-iticalawarenessisdeveloedwhenreadersreceivehealthrelatedmessaes.,pgThestudymayprovidesomeenlightenmentforreportersintheirreportingframeworkandremindthemtheimportanceofadoptingroermetahorsinhealthanddiseasepppnews.3.LimitationsoftheStudyTheresentstudyhasmadeefortstomaketheanalysisasobectiveasossible.pjpHowevertherearestillsomelimitationsthatshouldbeclarified.Limitationsmainl,ycomefromthedatacollectionandcalculationtilelimitsofauthor^resenteducational,panculuralbackrounddtg.Tobeginwiththedatacollectedinthisstudisselectedandrocessedbythe,ypauthor.Someunavoidablemistakesmayoccurwhencalculatinthouhtheauthorhasggmadeeffortstobeasaccurateasossible.p70 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveMoreoveronaccountoftheauthorresenteducationalandculturalbackround,pglimitation,someaspectsoftihepresentanalysismaynotascomprehensiveandcompletelyobectiveasexecteddespiteshehastriestobeimartialinconJfrontofthejppreportsconcernedaboutChinaAmericaandAfrica.Astimeandenerarelimitedthe,gy,collecteddataisrestrictedtofourmonthslackindiachronicanalsis.,gy4.SuggestionsforFurtherStudyTheresultsofthisstudyrovidesomeanalsissaceforfurtheranalsis.Fxirtherpypyanalysisissuggestedtododiachronicanalysis,tomakemoreefortsonthecomparativeanalysis.Inthefirstplace,itisrecommaidedthatfiirtheranalysisadoptsdiachronicanalysisresearcesscourseheresentstudcollecariclesfromhreedifferentohillndis.Tyts75tttpnewspapers.Furtherstudycanenlargethequantityofthecollectedcorpus.Morekindsof-corpusbasedsoftwarecaabeadopted.Inadditionfurtheranalsisissuestedtoodeeintothecomarativeanalsis,ygggppyofthedifferencesamongcountries.Moreexaminationontheculture,politics,history,economicsandroleoftheparticularcountryinworldstageisrecommendedtodofurtherstudy.71 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AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveAcknowledgementsThisthesiswouldnotbecompletedwithoutthehelpofmanypeoplearoundme.WhenIwaswriting,teachers,classmates,friendsandfamiliesgavealotofmentalandmaterialsuorttome.Heartfeltthanksshouldbeexressedheretothem.pppFirstofallIamreatlthankfultomsuervisorAssociateProfessorZhaowitii,gyypwhoseencouragement,guidanceandsupporthaveenabledmetofinishthisthesissuccessfollyandeficiently.ShehasgivenmeacademicguidanceforyearsandwheneverIwasatseawithmystudiesshewouldoffereherselflesshelandsortout,mprosmyblem.pSecondly,IwouldliketothankalltheteachingstafFinSchoolofForeignLanuaesofFuzhouUniversity.Inthefirstyearofmacademiccoursesmanyggy,professorsgaveme狂lotofenlightenmentinmyacademiccareer,especiallyProfessorPanwhoseatienceandacademicaccomlishmentshaveencouraedmetodobetterallppgthetime.ThirdlyIwanttothankmseniorclassmateMissShanwhotauhtmehowtouse,ygthesoftwareandofferedmehelpinmyacademicresearch.LastlyIwouldliketoshowmyheartfeltthankstomfamilandmyfriendswho,yyhavebeenivintheirstrongsuortsandencouraementsdurinmystudy.ggppgg77 福州大学硕士学位论文AendixIppTheChinaDailyCorusCDCp()Do’’Sample1ctors:EbolaoutofcontrolinW.Africa-htt/www.incomcn/cnd/2140625tent17613243.t:/chadail..0//conhrnpyy_Pub--lished:20140625Sample2AfricanherodoctordiesfromEbolavirus-.4t222690http://wwwxhinadailycom.en/world/20107/3l/conentl8.htm_Pubed0--141lish:2073Sample3GuangzhouonGuardforEbola-htt..4081tt1823502.tp://wwwchinadaily.comcn/china/201/0/conen0hm_Pubed20--141lish:080-Sample4EbolastrickenAmericanaidworkerenroutetoU.S.-htt.c.4tt1.tp://www.chinadailyomcn/world/20108/02/conen8236973hm_Pub--lished:20140802Sample5ChinesemedicalteamstaysinLiberiatofightEbolawww-htt://.chinadailcomcn/chna201408/02content18236528.tmpy..i//h_Pubh2--1408lised:002Sample6ChinarearinmeasurestokeebolavirusoutppgpE-..hhttp://www.chinadailycomcn/china/201408/02/content18235307.tm_Pub--lished201408:02Sample7BeiinhospitalstrainedforcombatinEbolavirus:CDCjgg-ht..t1824.htmp://www.chinadailycomcn/china/201408/04/conent3973_Pub--lse14ihd:200804Sample8ChinesepeacekeeperscontinuetoworkdespiteEbolaoutbreak-htt..i14t1.htp://www.chinadailycomcn/chna/2008/04/conent8239738m_-Published-:20140804Sam-ple9ChinesemedicalsuppliesarriveinEbolaaffectedSierraLeonewwwwo-htp://c.com.cn20412/content11.htm.hinadaily/rld/108/828989_Pub--lished:20140812Sample10ChineseexpertsoinfihtaainstEbolajgg-htt://www.chinadai.com.cn/rnnaheat0812content1.tmply/chilh/2014//8295335h_Pub--lished:20140812Sample11ChinesemedicalteamsworkwithovernmentstofihtEbolagg-htp://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/china/201408/12/content18291709.htm_Pub20--1412lished:08Sample12ChinesemedicalteamssticktotheirtaskinWestAfrica-htt.1p://www.chinadailycom.cn/rn/chinahealth/201408/3/content18302526.htm_Pub20--141lished:083Sample13Chinesehealthcarerofessionalsheloutatthefrontlinepp-tt.chinadail14081/tt18314.thp://wwwy.com.cn/cndy/20/5conen308hm_-Pub^lished:20140815Sample14WorldconfrontingthelargestEbolaoutbreaksince197678 arativeAnalfrlhoAComplysisonEboaNewsReportsomCriticaMetaprAnalysisPerspective-htt://.chinadail.com.en/hkedition/201408/l8/contel8430131.htmpwwwynt_-Pub-lished:20140818Sample15LiberiapolicefireonrotestersinEbolaquarantinepht-t://europe.chinadail.com.cn/world/201408/21/contentl8460151.htmpy_-led-Pubish:20140821Sample16ChinatakestheleadinaidingWestAfricainitsfightagainstEbolahwww-:chadailcomcn/rn/chialiealh/204//cen8ttp//.iny..nt10822onttl471519.htm_-_Published:20140822Sample17ChinaraisesprecautionagainstEbola-htt//wwwxhinadail.comcn/china/201//contentl81.htm:.4082347477py_-Pub-lished:20140823Samle18HihroportionofmedicalstaffinfectedwithEbolapgph-ttp://africa.chinadail.com.cn/world/201408/26/contentl8490983.htmy_--Published:20140826fSample19WHOworkerstemporarilypullbackfromSierraLeonesEbolahotzone-.4http://www.chinadailcom.en/m/chinahealth/201408/27/content1849835.htmy_Pub--lished:20140827Samle20UStoassin3000fromUSmilltattofitEbolapg,yghht-t://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/201409/16/contentl8608393.htmp—--Published:20140916fSample21WHOwelcomesChinascontributionofmobilelaboratorytowestafricaaainstEbolag-htt://www.chinadail.com.cn/world/201409/17/contentl8610090.htmpy_Pub--lished:20140917Samle22Ebolasurvivor:NotimetowasteasObamausaidpph-tt://www.chinadail.com.cn/world/201409/17/contentl8615276.htmpy_-s-Publihed:20140917Sample23FirstUKvolunteeretsexerimentalGSKEbolashotintrialgphchmada-tt://www.ily.com.cn/world/201409/18/contentl8622435.htmp_--Published:20140918Sample24SierraLeoneanPresidentinspectsthemobilelaboratoryandebolaholdincenterg-htt://wwwxhinadail.com.cn/rn/chinahealth/201409/28/content18677094.htmpy_Pub--lished:20140928Samle25HeadofnewUNEbolaresponsemissionarrivesInGhanap-htt://www.chinadaily.com.cn/worid/201409/30/contentl8686569.htmp_Pub--lished:2014093079 福州大学硕士学位论文AendixIIppTheWashingtonPostCorpus(WPC)9Sample26WestAfricacantmanagetheEbolaoutbreak-----ht/shitonoom/oinions/westafricacant-manaetheebolaoutbreak/tp:/www.wangpst.cpg----2014/06/29/07f4c354fee9lIe3blf48e77c632c07bstory.html_Pub--lished:20140629’‘Sample27ThereisnosuchthingasEbola-----htt.wastonot.comnewsmomnmxw20147/18teresnosuctp://wwwhingps//igi/p//0/hihh-ing-asebola/Pub214--1lished:0078H’Sample28owdifferentartsoftheworldareresondintoWestAfricasEbolappgoutbreak--www--htp://.washingtonpost.com/news/toyourhealth/wp/2014/07/30/howdifferentpart----------softheworldarerespondingtowestafiricasebolaoutbreak/Pubsed2014--lih:0730’Samle29hourenotointoetEbolaintheU.S.pWyyggg-t----htp://www.washingtonpost.com/news/toyourhealth/wp/2014/08/01/whyyourenotgo---=in-to-et-ebola-ggintheus/?hpidz3Published2014--1:080Sample30CanweivethatexperimentalEboladrugtoWestAfricanvictims?g------htt.washintt.tt2014805weittp://wwwgonposcom/news/oyourhealh/wp//0//cangvehat-ebo--t-est-ican-vctexperimenalladrugowafriims/Pub--lished:20140805Sample31WhyWestAfricanskeephuntingandeatingbushmeatdespiteEbolaconcerns''-_--ht.washintt.ommix/w201485westp://wwwgonposcom/ne\vs/miiigp//0/0/whyafricans-t-and-ti-bu--desit-ebo-keehunngmeatlaconcemspingeashpe/Pub2014--05lished:08’Sample32ImtheheadnurseatEmory.ThisiswhywewantedtobrintheEbolag——patientstotheU.S.Theseatientswillbenefitnotthreatenthecountry.p-----ht.tonost.teverthin/w2014/08/06/imthenursetp://wwwwashingpcom/posygp/headae-------mor-ths--whwe-wanted-ot-eboaatentsto-teusyiisytbringhelpih/Pub14--lished:200806Sample33WhydotwowhiteAmericansgettheEbolaserumwhilehundredsofAfricansdie?----ht.tt.t2014twhitp://wwwwashingonposcom/posteveryhing/wp//08/06/whydowoeame---ricans-et-the-eboa-serum-whilereds-ofafricansdie/glhundPub--lished:20140806^Sample34PeoplearestrugglingtoburtheEboladead.Hereswh.yy-htwashin4---t://wwwtonostcom/news/world/w/201/08/07/eolearestrulintobp.gp.pppgggur-----theeboladeadhereswh/yyPub14--lished:20080780 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveSample35CantheWorldHealthOrganizationlead?Dowewantitto?----htt.washinttcom/bke2014088tworldp://wwwgonpos.logs/monycageAvp///0/canheheal-----th-organization-leaddowewantitto/Pub214-08-lished:008Samle36Ebolastrikingwomenmorefreuentlthanmenpqytt---ht.tt204143e08d0c823211p://www.washingonposcom/naional/healhscience/1/08//1--e48593da634b334390story.html_Pub2014--14lished:0854Sample37ImportantalertfromChinesestatemedia:No,Ebolaisntazombie’virusttwwwworldviewswm--h://ashntonostcomos201408/15oantaertromp.wigp./blg//p///iprtlf---med---t---chinesestateianoebolaisnazombievirus/Publ2014--5ished:081Sample38Police,residentsclashinLiberianslumunderEbolaquarantine----ht.washintstcom/news201420p://wwwgonpo./world/wp//08//policeresidentsclashinli----underuarantberianslumebolaqine/Pub--lished:20140820’Sample39WestAfricaslastlineofdefenseagainstEbola:thethermometertt----h.washint.te/w204twittp://wwwgtonposcom/news/sorylinp/1/09/03/mydaehahermo-me-----------tergunthesimpletoolthatstryingtocontainacomplexebolaoutbreak/Published014--3:20906fSample40IfeltlikeIwasabouttodie:AmericandoctorKentBrantlyspeaksabouthisremarkablerecoveryfromEbola------ht.washintt.mi20140903tp://wwwgonposcom/news/momingx/wp////ifellikeiwasab------out-tod------ieamericandoctorkentbrantlyspeaksabouthisremarkablerecoveryfromebola/Published--:20140903Sample41Ebola:EightfactsaboutAmericanercetionandWestAfricanrealitppy---_htp://www.washintonost.com/news/stoiline/wp/2014/09/03/ebolaettsaboutgpyighfacamer-t--west--icanpercepionandafricanreality/Pub--lished:20140903Sample42TheEbolacrisisdemandsthatAmericaacttoost------ht.comchaeteebop://www.washingnp/opinions/milgersonhlacrisisdemandsam----ercasnvolvement2014/09/0317a33911e4-stotmii//d59b418fD203c644b2d7d0iy.hl_Published14--03:2009-Samle43InEbolaravaedLiberiachurchesserveasalastatherinlacepg,ggp-tt--ht.20140914/p://www.washingonposcom/blogs/worldviews/wp///inebolaravagedliber-----t--iachurchesserveasalasgatheringplace/Pub--14lished:201409,Sample44TheblackmarketforEbolasurvivorsblood-ht---t://www.washintonostcom/news/mominmix/w///1tmarketp.2014097/heblackfgpgp-ebo--orlasurvivorsblood/Pub2--14097lished:01Sample45LoveinthetimeofEbola81 福州大学硕士学位论文-----htt://wwwshintonost.com/news/storline/Av/2014/09/18/lovein1hetimeofebop.wagpypla/--Published:20140918Sample46WemustprioritizedrugdevelopmenttofightEbola--wwwm--m-http://ashintonostcom/opnionsorieoo.wgp.i/pritizgdragdevlpenttfightebola/---14/09//6-4420247ba7cec1dlle4b437la7368204804stor.html_yPubs--lihed:20140924Sample47RedCrossvolunteersattackedinGuineawhiletryingtoburyanEbolavictimwash----://wwwinonostcom/news/oourheah/w///recrossvounehtp.gtp.tyltp20140924/dlt-------wh---ersattackedinuineailetryintobiiianebolavictim/ggy-Published-:20140924Sample48AFRICOIVTsEbolaresponseandthemilitarizationofhumanitarianaid--htshinosblosnkecaebo-t://www.wagtonpt.com/g/moyge/wp/2014/09/25/africomslaresp-----m-ponseandtheilitarizationofhumanitarianaid/Pubs--lihed:20140925Sample49KissingcorpsesishelpingspreadEbola,expertsays----hsoncos-ttp://www.washingtonpotcom/national/religi/kissingrsesihelingsreadebppp------olaexpertsays/2014/09/26/bdb3fe5e459711e48042aafifl640082estory.html_--Published:20140926Samle50LeavinEbolafihtersbehindtodiepgg-htt--://wwwwashintonost.com/blos/ostartisan/w/2014/09/28/leavinafricanherp.gpgpppg-oes-beh-indtodie/-lished-Pub:2014092882 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspectiveAppendixIIITheSouthAfricaNews24CorpusSANC()Samp-to-eneonetesofoarecoveroyle51MumbiSLllEblyj-------htt---p://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/MumtobeinSLeonetellsofEbolarecoveryjo-2013y1406Pub--lished:20140613Samle52EbolayictiminSierraLeoneontherunp-----v---htt://wAVw.news24.com/Afiica/News/EbolaictiminSierraLeoneontherun201407p26-Pub-lished:20140726Samle53USdoctorinfectedwithEbolainLiberiaoutbreakp----w---ht^)://www.news24.com/Africa/News/USdoctorinfectedithEbolainLiberiaoutbre-ak20-1407273--Published:20140727Samd-le54Ebola:Liberiansingofinoranceaidworkerspyg-www---norance--htt://news24com/Afiica/News/EbolaLiberiansdyinofiaidworkersp-.gg-20140802Pub--lished:20140802e-Samle55WcanstopbolaUSexertpEp--htca/---t://www.news24.com/AfriNewsAVecanstoEbolaUSexert20140804ppp-sed-Publih:20140804Sample56AmericanwomanwithEbolaissmilingwwnews24com/caewsmerican-woman-whttp://w..Afri/N/AithEbo---laissmilin20140812g-Pub-lished:20140812Sample57InLiberiavillage,shunnedEbolavictimslefttodie-----htt--p://www.news24.com/Africa/News/InLiberiavillageshuxmedEbolavictimsleft4od-ie20140814Pub--lished:20140814Samle58HealthworkersmakeultimatesacrificetobattleEbolap---hworkersmake---tt://wwwnews24com/ca/ews/Healhulimatesacrificeobalep..AfiriNttttt-Ebo-la20140815-sed-Publih:20140815'Same9'*l5SuferinsoninSierraLeonesEbolahotzonepg,g-----hnews24B---rica//eriiesttp://www..com/AjNewsSufngsonginSrraLeoneEbolahotzone20140816Pub--lished:20140816Samle60LiberiadeseratelyhuntinformissinEbolaatientsppggp-ht-----t://www.news24com/Africa/News/LiberiadeseratelhuntinformissinEbolap.pyggp-20atients140818-id-Publshe:20140818who-Sample61SomefledLiberiaEbolaclinicrehospitailsed83 福州大学硕士学位论文-----htwho-t://www.news24.com/Africa/News/SomefledLiberiaEbolaclinicrehositalispped-20140818--Published:20140818Sample62Ebola:Liberiasoldiersorderedtoshootbordercrossers-------http://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/EbolaLiberiasoldiersorderedtoshootbordercrossera-20140819--Published:20140819VfSample63USEboladoctor:Iamthrilledtobealive---------://wwws/ca/News/Eboladocoramhrilledobealiveht^p.new24.comAfriUStItt20140822-Pub-lished:20140822Sample64SierraLeonemakeshidingEbolaatientsillealpg----hmakes-邱://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/SiermLeoneWdingEbolapatie血-120140823Pub--lished:20140823stoa-Sample65LaEblfreeregionofLiberiafallstovirus---------vhttp://www.news24.com/Africa/News/LastEbolafreeregionofLiberiafallstoirus20140823-Pub-lished:20140823Samle66EboladecimatinhealthworkersinGuineapg-----htworker-tp://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/EboladecimatinghealthsinGuinea20140831--Published:20140831Sample67Ebolasurvivor:IfeltlikeIwasabouttodie-------w---wa:news24comca/ewsolasurvvoreIohttp//ww../AfiiN/EbiIfeltliksabouttdie20140903-Pub-lished:20140903osesreat-Sample68EbolathtohumanitUSpy-----ht-t://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/EbolaosesthreattohumanityUS20140903pps--Publihed:20140903''Sample69VigUanteborderuardskeeolaoutofSenealgpEbg-----htmaer-uards-t://www.news24.co/Afric/NewsA^igilantbodergkeeEbolaoutofSeneppa-gl20140906Pub--lished:20140906Samasentence-eransurvorple70EbolanotdeathNiiivg--ht〇-----)://www.news24.com/Afiica/News/EbolanotadeathsentenceNieriansurvivor20g140911--Published:20140911Same1-pl7ChinaupsmedicsinEbolahitSierraLeone--)wwm-med-----:/news24caews/Chinauscsnrraht〇/w..co/Afii/NpiiEbolahitSieLeone20140916-09-Published:201416Samle72LiberiawomenchildrenbearbruntofEbolap,--ht-women----tp://www.news24.com/Aftica/News/LiberiachildrenbearbruntofEbola2084 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective140919-Pub-lished:20140919worse-Sample73EbolathanterrorismSierraLeoneleader---ht^----)://www.news24.com/Africa/News/EbolaworsethanterrorismSierraLeoneleader20140926--Published;20140926Sample74AidworkerslearntofightEbolaastheygo------hworker---tt://wwwnews24.com/Afiica/News/AidsleamtofihtEbolaastheo201p.gyg40929--Published:20140929Samle75UN:Ebolaorhans3700childreninWestAfricapp----h---tt://wwwnews24.com/Afiica/News/Ebolaorans3700childreninWestAMca20p.ph140930--Published:2014093085 福州大学硕士学位论文简历姓名:赖运琴性别:女出生年月:1990年10月籍贯:福建漳州-教育背景:2009.102013.6福州大学外国语学院英语专业20--13.92016.3福州大学外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学86 AComparativeAnalysisonEbolaNewsReportsfromCriticalMetaphorAnalysisPerspective攻读学位期间所发表的论文已发表论文:【1】《玫瑰园中的影子》的神话因素解读.西江月,2014,43(11):13.【2】《不可儿戏》余光中译本的受众修辞效果解读.英语广场,2015,5-(10):2627.【3】中美非新闻媒体关于埃博拉病毒报道的研究.牡丹江大学学报,20-1511:5356,67.,()87

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